钢板组及外固定架组治疗严重胫骨骨折疗效分析

探讨并分析严重胫骨骨折的手术方式。2003年9月-2010年12月我院收治的86例严重胫骨骨折进行随机分组治疗,外固定架组39例,钢板组47例,分析两组并发症及骨折愈合时间。结果86例患者均进行随访,随访时间7个月～28个月,平均10．3个月,钢板组并发症多,骨折愈合时间短,外固定架组愈合时间长。严重胫骨骨折临床多见,应根据其类型选择合理的钢板或外固定架进行治疗固定,使患者获得最佳效果。     

情绪对内隐态度和外显态度联结的调节作用

不同的情绪在内隐态度与外显态度表现过程中塑造着不同的心理环境, 调节内隐态度和外显态度的一致性。正性情绪增加了内隐态度与外显态度的联结, 然而负性情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用表现并不一致。单一考虑情绪的正负效价不足以解释具体情绪影响的差异性, 情绪的确定性、情绪与直觉信任的交互作用均会对内隐态度与外显态度的联结产生影响。理论方面, 联结性-推理性评价模型及情绪-信息模型对情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的内在机制进行了解释。未来研究可进一步探索特定情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用, 并考察情绪是否会对内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象的联结产生调节作用, 以及采用认知神经科学技术揭示情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的神经机制。     

Biological Implications of Gene–Environment Interaction

Gene–environment interaction (G × E) has been treated as both a statistical phenomenon and a biological reality. It is argued that, although there are important statistical issues that need to be considered, the focus has to be on the biological implications of G × E. Four reports of G × E deriving from the Dunedin longitudinal study are used as exemplars of the biological considerations that should lead to an hypothesis-driven choice of the specific genetic polymorphisms and the specific environmental influence to be investigated. The same four studies are used to discuss how the assessment of internal and external validity can be undertaken and how experimental approaches in humans and with animal models may be informative in the elucidation of the relevant operative biological mechanisms.     

责任归因对“做效应”的调控及其ERP证据

“做效应(action effect)”是指决策中由“做(action)”与“不做(inaction)”行为引起的相同决策后果, 却诱发了不同强度的情绪体验。本研究使用ANSIE量表筛选了责任归因不同倾向的两类被试(极端内控者、极端外控者), 运用ERP技术, 在一项简单赌博实验任务中考察了这两类被试的“做效应”差异及其电生理证据, 旨在探讨责任归因对“做效应”的调控作用。行为结果表明, 无论结果输赢, 极端内控被试的“做”与“不做”行为结果诱发的情绪强度和责任感强度都没有差异, 而极端外控被试的“做”行为诱发的情绪强度和责任感强度都比“不做”行为诱发的明显大; 脑电结果表明, 在FRN和P300上, 极端内控被试的“做”与“不做”行为诱发的FRN和P300波幅之间都没有差异, 而极端外控被试的“做”行为诱发的这两种脑电成分波幅都比“不做”诱发的较大。简言之, “做效应”在极端内控被试身上表现不明显, 而在极端外控被试身上表现明显。“做效应”很可能是由于个体对不同行为导致的相同决策后果的责任归因不同引起的。     

Taxicab Correspondence Analysis

Taxicab correspondence analysis is based on the taxicab singular value decomposition of a contingency table, and it shares some similar properties with correspondence analysis. It is more robust than the ordinary correspondence analysis, because it gives uniform weights to all the points. The visual map constructed by taxicab correspondence analysis has a larger sweep and clearer perspective than the map obtained by correspondence analysis. Two examples are provided. This research was financed by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The author thanks Serge Vienneau for his help regarding the graphical displays, and also thanks the editor, associate editor, and two reviewers for their constructive comments.     

Break philosophy through internally

This paper contrasts and illustrates two types of breakthroughs in philosophy; i.e., external and internal ones. Both are made possible through its application to a newfield. In the external breakthrough, a new field is discovered by such factors without philosophy as encounters with different traditions of thought and advance in technology. In the internal one, a new field is brought into attention by critical examination of one or another assumption within philosophy that has once dismissed the field as too trivial or insignificant to be its proper subject. Based on this distinction, a research guideline for philosophy is proposed that one must always seek the possibility of its internal breakthrough. It is also suggested that the philosophy of science and epistemology can be innovated internally when they are applied to a new field, that is, statistics. Finally the distinction between pure and applied philosophy is reinterpreted in the light of the internal breakthrough.     

计数与匹配:5~6岁儿童量比较策略的发展特点

选取56名5~6岁儿童,采用计算机呈现刺激的方式,实现了刺激的动态呈现来模拟策略的使用过程,并通过对于被试正确率和反应时的考察确定了每一名被试使用计数和匹配策略进行量比较的特点。结果表明:(1)与计数策略相比,儿童对于匹配策略的掌握更加成熟,5岁和5岁半组被试使用匹配策略解决量比较问题的正确率更高;(2)在已经掌握计数和匹配两种策略的情况下,仍有一部分儿童更倾向于使用匹配策略来解决量比较问题。     

4～5岁儿童一一对应任务中的比例效应

一一对应和数量比较是幼儿数概念发展的两个重要方面。在本研究中．40名4岁和39名5岁的儿童分别完成了不同比例数量的一一对应任务和数量比较任务。结果表明：（1）两种实验任务下均出现比例效应．说明儿童在解决一一对应问题时,仍然用数量比较的方法来进行判断;（2）任务类型的主效应显著,一一对应任务下的正确率要显著低于数量比较任务下的正确率;（3）知觉线索更多地影响数量比较任务。     

RESPONSES TO NUCCETELLI, LEMOS, AND BUENO

Abstract: Susana Nuccetelli discusses critically my account of Moore's Proof of the External World. Noah Lemos takes up my views on skepticism and my distinction between animal knowledge and reflective knowledge. Otávio Bueno focuses on my treatment of dream skepticism. In this article I offer replies to my three critics.     

关系-表征复杂性模型的检验

目前有关问题难度的观点多是不全面的,在综合前人研究的基础上提出了关系-表征复杂性模型。在该模型里,区分了问题难度和问题解决难度两个概念,二者的本质分别是关系复杂性和表征复杂性;关系复杂性包括水平复杂性和等级复杂性,表征复杂性相应地包括表征广度和表征深度。以172名小学高年级学生为被试,以长方形面积问题方面的三种测验收集的数据对该模型的内部和外部效度进行了检验,结果表明它能够有效解释问题（解决）难度,区分优、中、差三类学生所能达到的表征复杂性。这说明该模型有理论价值