Freud's 'problem': COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE & PSYCHOANALYSIS WORKING TOGETHER ON MEMORY

The first part of this paper discusses the development of Freud's views on memory from the time of the Project up to the formulation of the second topography. Freud's attempts to match his psychological views with an organic model were necessarily inconclusive, but in the process many innovative ideas about memory can be seen to resonate with recent developments in cognitive neuroscience. A brief discussion of perceptual identity, internal perception and Freud's affect theory introduce the central theoretical idea in the second half of the paper, namely that Identification can be seen as a form of memory. Modern memory theory is linked with the superego, following which the author proposes that internal objects might be renamed 'memory-objects' and that these can be understood in terms of the distinction made in cognitive neuroscience between implicit and explicit memory and between different parts of the brain, in particular the amygdala, the basal ganglia and the hippocampus. Klein's 'memory in feeling' and the views of Fairbairn and Ogden in relation to the dynamic nature of internal objects are briefly discussed. The paper ends with a few comments on the aberrations of memory and some implications of the implicit memory-object system.     

人类胚胎干细胞的伦理学应用

人类胚胎干细胞研究和使用面临很多问题,并且大部分已经进行了广泛的讨论,但目前仍有一些问题很少进行讨论。对这些问题的讨论将有助于更好地研究人类胚胎干细胞的使用问题,这些问题是：（1）干细胞研究与社会政策,各个国家有关的政策制定并不一致,除了禁止人的生殖性克隆的国际性公约外,国际性准则在胚胎研究的也没有提供明确的规定;（2）欧洲有些国家在相关的问题的立法一致性上存在着许多问题,有些甚至是相互预报的;（3）干细胞研究应用的预防原则的适宜性问题已引起人们的争论;（4）有利及避免浪费原则在干细胞研究中的应用。     

大学生文化取向内隐效应的实验研究

分别采用自陈式量表和内隐联想测验(IAT)对424名大学生外显文化取向与内隐文化取向状况及其关系进行研究。结果表明,大学生的外显文化取向以水平个人主义文化取向为主;在IAT测验中,集体主义信息和积极性词汇联结的平均反应时小于其和消极性词汇联结的平均反应时,且差异显著,表明大学生的集体主义文化取向;内隐文化取向的IAT测验与外显文化取向的自陈式量表所测结果之间无显著性相关;不同性别、父母不同文化程度的被试的内隐文化取向无显著性差异,但在外显文化取向上发现有显著差异。     

Threat causes liberals to think like conservatives

In Study 1, politically liberal college students’ in-group favoritism increased after a system-injustice threat, becoming as pronounced as that of conservatives. Studies 2 and 3 conceptually replicated these results with low preference for consistency [Cialdini, R. B., Trost, M. R., & Newsom, J. T. (1995). Preference for consistency: The development of a valid measure and the discovery of surprising behavioral implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 318-328.] as a dispositional measure of liberalism. In Study 2, following a mortality salience threat, dispositionally liberal students showed as much conviction in their attitudes toward capital punishment and abortion as dispositional conservatives did. In Study 3, after a mortality salience threat, liberal students became as staunchly unsupportive of homosexuals as conservatives were. The findings that political and dispositional liberals become more politically and psychologically conservative after threats provide convergent experimental support for the [Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129 339-375.] contention that conservatism is a basic form of motivated social cognition.     

大学生内隐职业偏见和内隐职业性别刻板印象研究

本研究采用内隐联想测验和相应的外显报告考察了大学生被试在职业偏见和职业性别刻板印象中的态度。结果表明,被试的内隐和外显态度出现了分离,大学生中普遍存在着内隐职业偏见和职业性别刻板印象。该研究再次证明了内隐联想测验是一种有效的测量内隐态度的方法。     

情绪智力在农村留守老人感恩与自我和谐之间的效应:中介还是调节

该研究为了考察农村留守老人感恩、情绪智力和自我和谐之间的关系及作用机制,采用问卷法调查了153名子女打工在外的农村老人。结果表明:(1)农村留守老人的感恩和情绪智力水平较高,自我和谐程度偏低;(2)自我和谐在健康状况上的主效应显著,健康状况与子女联系状况的交互作用也显著;(3)感恩与农村留守老人的自我和谐呈显著负相关;(4)情绪智力在感恩与自我和谐的关系中发挥着部分中介效应;(5)情绪智力不是调节变量,不会显著影响感恩与自我和谐之间关系的强度和方向。     

Computational aspects of the greatest lower bound to the reliability and constrained minimum trace factor analysis

In the last decade several algorithms for computing the greatest lower bound to reliability or the constrained minimum-trace communality solution in factor analysis have been developed. In this paper convergence properties of these methods are examined. Instead of using Lagrange multipliers a new theorem is applied that gives a sufficient condition for a symmetric matrix to be Gramian. Whereas computational pitfalls for two methods suggested by Woodhouse and Jackson can be constructed it is shown that a slightly modified version of one method suggested by Bentler and Woodward can safely be applied to any set of data. A uniqueness proof for the solution desired is offered.The authors are obliged to Charles Lewis and Dirk Knol for helpful comments, and to Frank Brokken and Henk Camstra for developing computer programs.     

Tarski on “essentially richer” metalanguages

It is well known that Tarski proved a result which can be stated roughly as: no sufficiently rich, consistent, classical language can contain its own truth definition. Tarski's way around this problem is to deal with two languages at a time, an object language for which we are defining truth and a metalanguage in which the definition occurs. An obvious question then is: under what conditions can we construct a definition of truth for a given object language. Tarski claims that it is necessary and sufficient that the metalanguage be essentially richer. Our contention, put bluntly, is that this claim deserves more scrutiny from philosophers than it usually gets and in fact is false unless essentially richer means nothing else than sufficient to contain a truth definition for the object language.     

A new estimator of the uniqueness in factor analysis

A closed form estimator of the uniqueness (unique variance) in factor analysis is proposed. It has analytically desirable properties—consistency, asymptotic normality and scale invariance. The estimation procedure is given through the application to the two sets of Emmett's data and Holzinger and Swineford's data. The new estimator is shown to lead to values rather close to the maximum likelihood estimator.