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101.
John Woods 《Argumentation》1988,2(4):395-408
Needed for such dialogue games as dialectic are appropriate standards of fairness and rationality. The rules of procedure of dialectic must describe a game playable by actual human participants. The present paper centers on certain idealizations of the dialectician that are not allowable. 相似文献
102.
Dean Follmann 《Psychometrika》1988,53(4):553-562
Consider the class of two parameter marginal logistic (Rasch) models, for a test ofm True-False items, where the latent ability is assumed to be bounded. Using results of Karlin and Studen, we show that this class of nonparametric marginal logistic (NML) models is equivalent to the class of marginal logistic models where the latent ability assumes at most (m + 2)/2 values. This equivalence has two implications. First, estimation for the NML model is accomplished by estimating the parameters of a discrete marginal logistic model. Second, consistency for the maximum likelihood estimates of the NML model can be shown (whenm is odd) using the results of Kiefer and Wolfowitz. An example is presented which demonstrates the estimation strategy and contrasts the NML model with a normal marginal logistic model.This research was supported by NIMH traning grant, 2 T32 MH 15758-06 and by ONR contract N00014-84-K-0588. The author would like to thank Diane Lambert, John Rolph, and Stephen Fienberg for their assistance. Also, the comments of the referees helped to substantially improve the final version of this paper. 相似文献
103.
Patricia Marino 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2006,9(5):517-533
On an expressivist view, ethical claims are understood as expressions of our attitudes, desires, and feelings. A famous puzzle for this view concerns the use of logic in ethical reasoning, and two standard treatments try to solve the puzzle by explaining logical inconsistency in terms of conflicting attitudes. I argue, however, that this general strategy fails: because we can reason effectively even in the presence of conflicting moral attitudes – in cases of moral dilemmas – avoiding these conflicts cannot be a ground for correct moral reasoning. The result is a dilemma for expressivists: if they take all kinds of attitudes to be under consideration, then conflict cannot play the required role, since attitudes can fail to be compatible in cases of moral conflict. If they restrict attention to ‘all-in attitudes’ or to intentions or plans, then there is an important notion of obligation, used in standard arguments – one for which conflicts are allowed – that they fail to capture. I explain why expressivists should be especially tolerant of conflicting attitudes, and I conclude that they should pursue a different strategy for grounding logical normativity.
相似文献
Patricia MarinoEmail: |
104.
105.
Low informant agreement is of particular concern in clinical settings, since diagnoses and interventions are largely based on reports from parents and/or youths. This study explores youth-parent consistencies in an at-risk sample of youths (n = 42), several from immigrant and refugee families, all with stressful background experiences. Data from a community sample (n = 165) was used to contrast the clinical results. Results showed that correlations between clinical youths and parents were within the same range as those in the community sample. Consistencies concerning absolute level of behavior were higher in the clinical sample. However, interesting differences in informant consistencies were found on difficulties and resources between the two samples. This study adds to the picture that there is no simple relationship between severity of behavior deviance and informant agreement. Asking about behavioral resources as well as difficulties may provide valuable additional information regarding differences in the perspectives of at-risk youths and parents. 相似文献
106.
Explicit timing and interspersal interventions were investigated using a within-subjects design with 45 third-grade students.
A control assignment consisted of subtraction of a two digit number from a two digit number (i.e., target problem) and served
as a baseline. An explicit timing assignment consisted of similar problems as those for the control assignment. The interspersal
assignment consisted of similar problems as those for the control and explicit timing assignments with the addition of subtraction
of a one digit number from a one digit number interspersed following every third target problem. Total problem completion
rates, target problem completion rates, accuracy on target problems and students' rating regarding difficulty, time, effort,
and preference between assignments for class work were collected. Student preference choices were analyzed for fit with the
discrete task completion hypothesis. Three trials were administered. Results indicated that: (a) students completed more total
problems during interspersal, (b) target problem completion rates were higher during explicit timing, (c) accuracy rates remained
constant, (d) students rated the explicit timing assignment as requiring more time and being more difficult for all trials
and as requiring more effort for trial 2 and 3, (e) students selected the interspersal assignment to do in class as compared
to the explicit timing assignment for all trials, and (f) the data fit the discrete task completion hypothesis relatively
well for all trials. Discussion focuses on comparing academic interventions based on problem completion rates, student preference,
and acceptability data. 相似文献
107.
108.
Yukihiro Sawada 《The Japanese psychological research》1999,41(2):112-120
In this study, one of the predictions of the reactivity hypothesis was investigated: the intertask consistency of blood pressure (BP) responses. Twelve young male subjects underwent cold-pressor (14°C) and digit-scan (counting even numbers) tests in randomized order. Cardiovascular parameters were recorded during a 2-min pretask baseline, a 10-min stressful exposure, and over a 5-min post-task baseline. The intertask correlations between the cold pressor and digit scan increased with prolonged exposure and were higher for almost all of the systolic BP measurements than for the diastolic measurements. After prolonged exposure, the hemodynamic mechanisms of BP elevations during the digit scan shifted from an increase in both cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance to solely an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Increased peripheral vascular resistance was the consistent cause of the BP elevations with the cold pressor. Accordingly, the hemodynamic shift on the part of the digit scan seemed to heighten the intertask BP correlations. Some other factors influencing the intertask BP correlations are also discussed. 相似文献
109.
110.