Encroachments on State Sovereignty: The Argumentation Strategies of the George W. Bush Administration

As the world has increasingly embraced globalization, temptations to encroach on traditional boundaries of state sovereignty for reasons of self-interest mount. Argumentation studies provide an important lens for examining the public discourse used to justify such moves. This essay examines the Bush administration’s strategic use of the definitional processes of association and dissociation to build its public case for regime change in Afghanistan. After exploring how the Bush administration’s early rhetoric after 9/11 failed to actually provide the Taliban a choice to remain in power, the essay reveals three combinations of the terrorism/state relationship that functioned as an argument by definition to gain support for the US campaign to overthrow the regime.     

类别空间关系加工系统和数量空间关系加工系统的分离 ——来自多领域的研究证据

Kosslyn认为人类的空间关系加工系统分为类别空间关系加工子系统和数量空间关系加工子系统,这两个子系统不仅存在功能上的分离,并且存在大脑神经水平的分离,这种神经水平的分离表现为两种空间关系加工的大脑半球偏向,即类别空间关系加工的左半球偏向与数量空间关系加工的右半球偏向。对两种空间关系加工的研究,涉及的领域从低水平的空间知觉,至表象、记忆、语言、行动及物体识别等,涉及的研究方法包括半视野速示法,神经网络模拟,PET, fMRI, ERP, rTMS,脑损伤病人的研究及比较动物研究。综合现有研究,虽然大多数研究中得到的脑半球偏向为两种加工子系统在神经水平的分离提供了证据,但不同研究中脑半球偏向的获得是相当不稳定的,并且受到研究方法因素的影响。尽管造成神经水平的分离似乎与大脑左右半球对具有不同感受野特征的神经元输出的偏向有一定的关系,但这仍需要进一步的研究证据     

健康人格研究述评

在适应现代生活的同时人们愈来愈重视人格健康问题,个体的健康人格状况一直受到学者们的关注.文章对国内外二十年来健康人格的理论和实证研究进展进行了系统综述.在此基础上,指出了健康人格研究领域存在的问题和将来进一步研究的方向.     

幼儿心理理论与时序记忆的关系——来自时序记忆分离的证据

研究检验了时序记忆与心理理论的关系.实验一对39个3.5～5.5岁儿童的时序记忆能力以及心理理论表现进行测查,考察了因果关系、相关关系、无因果无相关关系三类不同性质的材料测得的时序记忆与心理理论的关系;90个儿童参与了实验二,通过正叙、倒叙、预叙三种叙述方式将时序记忆分离为理解性时序记忆和机械性时序记忆,再分别考察与心理理论的关系.结果发现,在不同性质的实验材料中,时序记忆与心理理论相关均不显著;5.5岁儿童的理解性时序记忆显著高于3.5岁儿童,4.5岁、5.5岁儿童的机械性时序记忆显著高于3.5岁儿童;只有理解性时序记忆能够预测儿童的心理理论成绩.     

注意受情绪信息影响的实验范式

研究显示情绪信息对注意会产生特殊的影响,主要表现为个体特别是某些患有情绪障碍的个体对情绪信息存在注意偏向或注意增强现象。该文围绕该问题,主要介绍情绪Stroop实验、点探测实验、线索提示实验、情绪条件反射实验以及快速序列视觉呈现实验等多个实验范式的研究方法和结果,并分析今后的发展趋势。     

刺激持续时间对注意瞬脱影响的实验分离现象

通过三个实验,研究了注意瞬脱效应以便深入理解注意时间维度上的特性。实验一针对注意瞬脱效应（简称AB效应）和刺激持续显示时间（简称ED）之间的关系,发现SOA或者ED的延长能减小AB效应。实验二的结果再次证明ED的延长能减小AB效应,并且发现ED延长并没有伴随着对目标的加工速度的加快。实验三发现在目标与干扰项没有显著的特征差异时,AB效应随着ED延长而减小的现象消失了,即ED对AB效应的影响出现了实验性的分离。同时还证明突出显示可以通过加快对目标的反应速度来显著的减小AB效应,而且ED因素只有在目标具有突出的视觉特征时才能改变AB效应。     

Distinguishing Between the Facilitating and the Self-Serving Charismatic Group Leader

Winnicott informed us about the components of the facilitating environment. Kohut warned us to differentiate between the charismatic leader, who looks for enfeebled followers to further his own grandiose ambitions, and the idealizable leader whose actions are based on a sense of values. Findings from attachment theory and neurobiology indicate how specific developmental issues make for a perfect fit between the self-serving charismatic leader and those who have been deprived of attuned interactive regulation and secure attachment in early childhood. This article attempts to integrate the above ideas for application to group dynamics in therapeutic, supervisory, training, and institutional groups.     

储存负荷量对内隐记忆效果的影响

为了解储存负荷量对内隐记忆效果的影响而进行本实验研究。实验采用Jacoby过程分离程序范式,用英文辅音字母组成无意义字母串作记忆实验材料,用彼德生的减数干扰分心技术。结果发现：储存负荷量对内隐记忆效果的影响与外显记忆的不同,随着储存负荷量的增加,内隐记忆即自动性提取的作用先下降,后又有所上升,最后渐趋稳定,在负荷量为6以后保持在一个相当稳定的水平。本实验对内隐记忆研究具有参考价值。     

Recovering memories of trauma: A view from the laboratory

The controversy over the validity of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been extraordinarily bitter. Yet data on cognitive functioning in people reporting repressed and recovered memories of trauma have been strikingly scarce. Recent laboratory studies have been designed to test hypotheses about cognitive mechanisms that ought to be operative if people can repress and recover memories of trauma or if they can form false memories of trauma. Contrary to clinical lore, these studies have shown that people reporting CSA histories are not characterized by a superior ability to forget trauma-related material. Other studies have shown that individuals reporting recovered memories of either CSA or abduction by space aliens are characterized by heightened proneness to form false memories in certain laboratory tasks. Although cognitive psychology methods cannot distinguish true memories from false ones, these methods can illuminate mechanisms for remembering and forgetting among people reporting histories of trauma.     

Must we measure what we mean?

This paper excavates a debate concerning the claims of ordinary language philosophers that took place during the middle of the last century. The debate centers on the status of statements about ‘what we say’. On one side of the debate, critics of ordinary language philosophy argued that statements about ‘what we say’ should be evaluated as empirical observations about how people do in fact speak, on a par with claims made in the language sciences. By that standard, ordinary language philosophers were not entitled to the claims that they made about what we would say about various topics. On the other side of the debate, defenders of the methods of ordinary language philosophy sought to explain how philosophers can be entitled to statements about what we would say without engaging in extensive observations of how people do in fact use language. In this paper, I defend the idea that entitlement to claims about what we say can be had in a way that doesn’t require empirical observation, and I argue that ordinary language philosophers are (at least sometimes) engaged in a different project than linguists or empirically minded philosophers of language, which is subject to different conditions of success.