Using Photography to Enhance Development of Self,Professional Identity,and Multicultural Awareness

Counseling can be a vulnerable process for clients and counselors alike. Counselors-in-training often find their early development to be an ambiguous and anxiety-provoking process. Both metaphors and experiential activities are effective methods in counselor training for addressing the ambiguity of counseling and the concerns experienced by counseling students. This article describes how counselor educators can use photography as a metaphor to support counselor development. We also outline four creative photography activities designed to foster self-reflection, professional identity development, and multicultural awareness among counselors-in-training.     

自我隐瞒对消防员创伤后应激反应的影响：经验回避和反刍的链式多重中介作用

人格特质和情绪调节策略是创伤后应激反应的重要影响因素。作为一种在个人感到痛苦时有意地向他人隐藏自身状况的人格特质,自我隐瞒会通过适应不良的情绪调节策略影响心理健康。然而,鲜有研究考察自我隐瞒、适应不良的情绪调节策略与创伤后应激反应的关系。对创伤后应激反应的情绪调节策略的研究发现,经验回避和反刍是两种有重要影响的适应不良的情绪调节策略。在创伤后应激反应的研究对象上,前人主要关注在创伤事件中幸存的直接受害者身上,而对频繁处理各类突发事件而成为创伤后应激反应高危人群的消防员一直缺乏研究。因此,本研究意在考察自我隐瞒对经历职业创伤的消防员创伤后应激反应的影响以及经验回避和反刍这两种适应不良的情绪调节策略的中介作用。 研究被试为215名将个人经历的职业创伤作为首要创伤事件的一线消防员。他们来自我国3个城市,均为男性,平均年龄22.90±3.38岁。使用中文修订版的埃森创伤问卷、自我隐瞒量表、反刍反应量表、接受与承诺问卷第二版和事件影响量表进行现场调查。被试均匿名填写调查问卷。使用SPSS20.0进行描述性统计和相关性分析。使用Mplus7.4进行结构方程模型的分析。采用Harman单因子检验的方法进行共同方法偏差检验。采用偏差矫正的百分位Bootstrap方法进行中介效应的显著性检验。 结果表明,自我隐瞒、经验回避、反刍和创伤后应激反应之间存在两两显著正相关;自我隐瞒对创伤后应激反应具有直接效应;自我隐瞒通过反刍对创伤后应激反应产生间接效应;自我隐瞒通过经验回避-反刍的中介链对创伤后应激反应产生间接效应;自我隐瞒影响创伤后应激反应的总效应值为0.427,其中总间接效应值为0.217,占总效应值的50.82%。本研究还发现,64名(29.77%)将个人经历的职业创伤作为首要创伤事件的一线消防员达到了严重创伤后应激反应的水平。 总之,自我隐瞒可以通过三条路径影响创伤后应激反应：直接影响、反刍的中介作用和经验回避-反刍的系列中介作用。在理论层面,这拓展了对影响创伤后应激反应的人格特质的理解和对自我隐瞒影响的心理健康状况的理解。在实践层面,这提示我们重视自我隐瞒、经验回避和反刍在预防和治疗创伤后应激反应中的潜在贡献。此外,本研究还发现,消防员确实是创伤后应激反应的高危人群。作为突发事件的第一响应人,消防员的心理健康应该得到更多关注与研究。     

Bridging the Marketing Gap: A Review of How to Think Like a Behavior Analyst: Understanding the Science That Can Change Your Life by Jon Bailey and Mary Burch

The field of applied behavior analysis has suffered from a relative dearth of user-friendly books appropriate to a lay audience. Bailey and Burch''s book fills this niche with a work that is both entertaining and informative. The book is reviewed in terms of the strengths and limitations of its content, as well as in the context of the importance of effective marketing of behavior analysis.     

On emotional innumeracy: Predicted and actual affective responses to grand-scale tragedies

The present research demonstrates that people overestimate the intensity of their emotional responses to grand-scale tragedies. Participants predicted that they would feel significantly worse if thousands of people were killed in a disaster than if only a few people were killed, and yet they exhibited an “emotional flatline,” feeling equally sad regardless of the number of people killed. This unforeseeable emotional flatline was demonstrated in response to deaths stemming from human violence and natural disasters, both close to home and far away (including hurricanes in the United States, a forest fire in Spain, and the Iraq War). Participants’ actual emotional responses were calibrated with fatalities only when abstract death tolls were translated into concrete images. We argue that affective forecasts and emotional experiences may arise from separate systems, leading to reliable forecasting errors, as well as influencing subsequent judgments.     

Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale

Given recent attention to emotion regulation as a potentially unifying function of diverse symptom presentations, there is a need for comprehensive measures that adequately assess difficulties in emotion regulation among adults. This paper (a) proposes an integrative conceptualization of emotion regulation as involving not just the modulation of emotional arousal, but also the awareness, understanding, and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to act in desired ways regardless of emotional state; and (b) begins to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of a new measure, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Two samples of undergraduate students completed questionnaire packets. Preliminary findings suggest that the DERS has high internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and adequate construct and predictive validity. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Do you really want to understand your customer?

On the surface, ‘consumer understanding’ seems like a Motherhood and Apple Pie ‘good’ that no one could sensibly object to. In fact, our whole approach to consumer understanding – how we go about achieving it, for what purposes – masks a seller‐centric, command and control ideology of marketing. Successful companies are breaking free of this ideology, and reinventing market research in the process. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.     

BRAND PLACEMENT AND CONSUMER CHOICE: AN IN‐STORE EXPERIMENT

An in‐store experiment was performed to investigate the effects of shelf placement (high, middle, low) on consumers' purchases of potato chips. Placement of potato chips on the middle shelf was associated with the highest percentage of purchases. The results confirm the importance of item placement as a factor in consumers' buying behavior.     

香气在营销中的应用

香气营销是一种基于嗅觉与情绪、记忆、行为决策之间关系的体验式营销模式。近年来, 心理学家和营销专家对香气营销的关注主要集中于对其理论依据、营销效果、与其他因素交互作用等方面的研究, 证实怡人的香气可显著延长顾客的店内停留时间, 提高产品评估, 加强品牌记忆。未来香气营销的研究应更关注嗅觉心理反应的差异性对营销效果的影响。     

Experiential Tasks and Therapist Bias Awareness

All therapists have values, assumptions, and beliefs about groups of people who are different from the dominant culture. How the therapeutic process is shadowed by therapists' assumptions and attitudes toward ethnic minorities is discussed. The author provides experiential techniques such as visualization, role playing, role reversal, family sculpturing, and a written assignment as a vehicle to heighten a family therapists' awareness of underlying assumptions and biases toward clients of an ethnic minority.     

Exploring Connections of the Supervisors in Supervision

Four therapists have worked closely in a professional support group. More recently attention has been given to the group processes and internal experiences of the group itself. An observation of the four members of this group is that the group process has allowed for peer validation, fortuitously resulting in their professional identities shifting and evolving. They have become curious about the interface between and the integration of personal and professional facets of the therapist's self. A resulting discovery has been that the very mechanisms which disconnect the therapist out there may serve to promote connection in the support group.