Prevalence of resurgence of destructive behavior when thinning reinforcement schedules during functional communication training

Functional communication training is a well‐established treatment for socially reinforced destructive behavior that typically includes differential reinforcement of the functional communication response (FCR) in combination with extinction of destructive behavior. However, when the schedule of reinforcement for the FCR is thinned, destructive behavior may resurge (e.g., Greer, Fisher, Saini, Owen, & Jones, 2016). Currently, data are unavailable on the prevalence and characteristics of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning on a per‐case and per‐schedule‐step basis and also evaluated the magnitude of resurgence in relation to the functions of destructive behavior. We observed resurgence in 19 of the 25 (76%) applications of reinforcement schedule thinning. In some cases, the magnitude of resurgence exceeded the mean levels of destructive behavior observed in baseline. We discuss these results relative to prior translational and applied research on resurgence.     

The Embodied Experience of Microaggressions: Implications for Clinical Practice

Ongoing scholarship in multicultural counseling practice has established the significance of microaggressions in the lived experience of clients and in the client–counselor dyad. Grounded in new research into the embodied experience of oppression, this article reviews key concepts in nonverbal communication and traumatology to illustrate how the body is implicated in the transmission of microaggressions and how counselors can become more attentive, informed, and responsive to how social power differences manifest in the body. Las investigaciones actuales sobre la práctica de la consejería multicultural han establecido la importancia de las microagresiones en la experiencia vital de los clientes y en la díada cliente–consejero. Fundamentado en nuevas investigaciones sobre la experiencia corporal de la opresión, este artículo revisa conceptos clave de la comunicación no verbal y la traumatología para ilustrar cómo el cuerpo está involucrado en la transmisión de microagresiones y cómo los consejeros pueden tornarse más atentos, informados y sensibles a cómo las diferencias de poder social se manifiestan en el cuerpo.     

"感"·"象"·"数"--《周易》经传象数观念的哲学人类学释读

象数观念是<周易>经传乃至易学中的基础和核心观念.历来对象数观念的理解和解释,往往局限于象数观念本身,而对<周易>经传的产生背景、以及其中的另一个重要观念--"感",则关注不够.本文从哲学人类学的视角,在考察<周易>经传的产生背景以及"感"、"象"、"数"三者之间关系的基础上,认为<周易>经传中的象数观念其实是原始时代的感性具体的思维方式及其宇宙观的积淀.具体说来,"数"也是"象",它们本来都是"互渗"或"交感"的中介;换句话说,<周易>经传象数观念的最终依据其实是感;象数因感而蕴涵着向天道观和伦理观发挥的可能性.     

与情共舞：共情与麻醉医患沟通

麻醉医生所面临的沟通挑战是临床科室中所特有的,将共情应用于麻醉医生临床工作中,可以促进医患情感沟通,改善医患关系,减少医患纠纷。阐述了共情的概念,共情在麻醉医患沟通中的作用以及从术前、术中和术后三个方面探讨了将共情应用于麻醉医生与患者的沟通中。同时就术中的医患沟通从诱导前、麻醉维持中和苏醒期三个方面进行了描述。此外,共情需要麻醉医生和患者的共同参与,可以让医患双方共同获益,让医患之间的情感产生共鸣,让共情与麻醉工作相互交织,使麻醉工作不仅充满科学还充满温情。     

傣医药在澜湄流域传统医药文化交流中的影响

通过对傣族传统医药知识体系进行总结,探索并思考傣医药在澜湄流域传统医药文化交流中的影响,包括其独特的地域分布、发展历史、医理文化内涵及保健价值对澜湄流域内国家与族群具有的重要历史和现实双重意义,以及其体现出的傣泰民族健康理念,以宗教信仰、民间风俗、饮食习惯等形态出现的行为模式等,以期充分发挥傣医药在澜湄流域各国交流与互动中的纽带作用,为人们的健康提供保障,强化民族认同感,推动国家间友好合作。     

Evaluating the Theory-of-Mind Hypothesis of Autism

ABSTRACT— Two decades ago, the theory-of-mind hypothesis of autism was introduced by Baron-Cohen and his colleagues; this theory provided a unified cognitive explanation for the key social and communication symptoms in that disorder. I evaluate the theory-of-mind hypothesis in light of studies that have addressed several key questions: Do children with autism develop theory-of-mind concepts? How can we explain why some children with autism pass theory-of-mind tasks? Do deficits in theory of mind account for the major impairments that characterize autistic disorder? Current research supports the view that autism involves delays and deficits not only in the development of a theory of mind but also in additional aspects of social-affective information processing that extend beyond the traditional boundaries of theory of mind.     

如何提高临床医学生与患者之间沟通的能力

正常有序的医疗活动应以良好的医患沟通为基础,要从根本上处理好医患关,首先要从培养临床医学生与患者之间的沟通能力入手,多数医学生在进入临床实习时都因紧张而不知道应该如何与患者沟通,因此培养医学生与患者间良好的沟通能力是当前迫切需要解决的问题。     

语言如何进化

人类语言具有复杂多变的递归结构,漫长的物种进化过程中唯独人类精通语言。语言的进化始于大约两百万年前的“更新世时期”,语言在当时作为一种认知适应对于人类应对自然界带给人类的挑战（如动物掠食与森林毁坏）有很大帮助。人类进化过程中学习与文化因素形成一种选择压力促使人际交流语法化,人际交流语法化引发大脑容量增加,然而,最初的语言进化与基因无关。学习与文化压力也使交流的媒介依次变为手语模式、表情模式与语言模式。交流媒介的逐渐变化最终导致了FOXP2基因突变,FOXP2基因突变让智人具有了自主的言语能力。与地球上其它的人科动物相比,人类的语言能力使人类在进化中具有明显的优势     

专业社会工作者的角色与和谐医患关系的构建

当前医疗纠纷频繁发生,医患关系日趋紧张,问题的复杂性呼唤着多种力量的积极参与和共同努力。作为一种综合性的助人手段,社会工作者在严格秉承专业价值观的基础上,运用三大专业方法,协助医患双方有效预防、和平解决医疗纠纷问题,肩负着构建和谐医患关系的专业使命。     

“Seeing is believing”: The effects of facial expressions of emotion and verbal communication in social dilemmas

In social dilemmas, verbal communication of one's intentions is an important factor in increasing cooperation. In addition to verbal communication of one's intentions, also the communication of emotions of anger and happiness can influence cooperative behavior. In the present paper, we argue that facial expressions of emotion moderate verbal communication in social dilemmas. More specifically, three experiments showed that if the other person displayed happiness he or she was perceived as honest, trustworthy, and reliable, and cooperation was increased when verbal communication was cooperative rather than self‐interested. However, if the other person displayed anger, verbal communication did not influence people's decision behavior. Results also showed interactive effects on people's perceptions of trustworthiness, which partially mediated decision behavior. These findings suggest that emotion displays have an important function in organizational settings because they are able to influence social interactions and cooperative behavior. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.