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191.
科学证据不仅在司法审判中起着极其重要的作用,而且在科研成果的评价中也是不可取代的,但是在审判和科研成果评估中,对“科学是什么”这样一个更深层次的问题-科学哲学问题,历来没有得到应有的重视,通过美国止吐药本涤汀前后历时20年的审判历程,突出科学哲学在医药审判实践中的地位。 相似文献
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193.
学习困难学生认知加工机制的研究 总被引:31,自引:1,他引:30
采用两因素混合实验设计,在严格控制条件下,比较了学困生和学优生在工作记忆容量上的差异,并在此基础上引入提示程序进一步探讨,学困生WM容量低主要是由存贮能力造成的还是由加工效率造成的或是两者时起作用的问题。 相似文献
194.
This article addresses the relationship between patterns of planum temporale symmetry/asymmetry and dyslexia and neurolinguistic abilities. Considerable research indicates that dyslexic individuals typically do not display the predominant pattern of leftward planum temporale asymmetry. Variable findings on the structural basis of symmetry are due partially to measurement issues, which are examined in some detail in this critical review. The physiological basis of symmetry may be reduced neuronal elimination in the right planum, although other alternatives are offered. Theories are offered to explain how symmetrical plana are related to dyslexia, and it is evident that symmetrical plana are not sufficient to produce dyslexia. However, some evidence suggests that nonleftward plana asymmetry is associated with deficits in verbal comprehension, phonological decoding, and expressive language. It is concluded that nonleftward asymmetry is associated with linguistic deficits, but that explanatory theories need to be further developed. Among the many issues that need to be addressed, future research needs to determine whether the relationship between patterns of planum temporale symmetry/asymmetry and linguistic ability is specific to dyslexia or if asymmetry covaries lawfully with linguistic abilities in nondyslexic populations. 相似文献
195.
A nationally representative sample of Danish males finishing school in 1989, or shortly before, with a studentereksamen (the highest qualification in the Danish school system) was found to score generally lower on a battery of four cognitive tests than a comparable sample of Danish males who had taken the same tests shortly after finishing school in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This decline appears attributable to the increasing proportions of students who obtain the stundentereksamen and is quite compatible with an overall increase in test scores, also found in our data, for the general population over the same time period. For those who obtain the stundentereksamen , the decline has been most marked in a test of verbal analogies. It has been smaller for tests of logical and spatial reasoning, and scores on a test of numerical ability have actually improved over the 30 years. This differential pattern may be the result of both student changes and auricular changes within Danish schools. 相似文献
196.
超常儿童心理与教育研究15年 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14
中国超常儿童心理与教育的研究15年来收获如下:在理论方面:1.超常与常态儿童在不同的认知方面差异的显著性,认知构成的模式特点、及发展趋势均有不同。2.超常儿童的个性倾向和特征具有明显特点,但发展不平衡,表现为3种类型;个性特征与学习成绩相关密切。3.超常儿童的成长过程可概括为4种类型。4.超常儿童心理成分不限于高智力、创造力,还包括良好发展的个性倾向和特征。在应用方面:研究结果在鉴别和教育超常儿童等方面进行了应用和检验。 相似文献
197.
瑞文作业的年龄差异及其与“位置法”记忆训练的关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
该工作采用华东师大心理学系修订的瑞文测验联合型(CRT—AC),对经过“位置法”记忆训练的青年人、老年人及在年龄、性别、文化和智力水平等方面均相匹配的青年、老年对照进行测验,比较观察力和推理能力的年龄差异,探讨“位置法”记忆训练对这种能力的间接迁移作用。结果表明:1.青年组瑞文作业成绩明显高于老年组;2.当作业难度加大或限定时间时测验,更扩大了年龄差异;3.青年训练组瑞文作业成绩明显高于其对照组,而在老年训练组与其对照组之间则未见差异。 相似文献
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199.
Processing speed is a component of general intelligence and an indicator of learning potential. There is a need for robust measures of mental speed based on contemporary theoretical developments. The current study addressed this need by proposing a mental speed test for children aged 60 to 96 months (5 to 8 years) and examining its psychometric properties. The test included indicators of perceptual speed, memory speed, reasoning speed, and fluency-flexibility speed presented through nonverbal items administered individually using touchscreen tablets. After establishing gender non-bias and concurrent validity with a contemporary intelligence test (i.e., ASIS, r = .59) with 107 children, the next administration included 373 children. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with subtest scores revealed a single-factor structure accounting for 45% of the total variance. Additional data from 212 children were used to assess structural validity and gender bias, which showed acceptable goodness of fit, providing evidence of the validity and reliability of the new measure for further use. 相似文献
200.
Recent malpractice cases reflect increased liability for psychotherapists working with possible adult victims of childhood sexual abuse. These cases have related to recovery of past memory of abuse and the fashion in which the therapist managed the recovery and treatment. Ways in which therapists may harm clients by omission and commission are explored. The emerging lack of clarity between investigative and therapeutic interviews is discussed. False memory is considered in relationship to malpractice liability, standards of care, and attempts to preserve potential evidence. The author proposes written informed consent and investigative interviewing procedures for working with potential memory recovery cases. Formats for general informed consent to psychotherapy for patient record keeping of newly emergent material are appended. 相似文献