Reducing Alcohol‐Related Consequences Among High School Seniors: Efficacy of a Brief,Web‐Based Intervention

The authors examined the efficacy of a brief, web‐based personalized feedback intervention on reducing alcohol‐related consequences among high school seniors (N = 105) using a group‐randomized controlled design. Results of repeated measures mixed‐models analyses indicated significant intervention effects over time for alcohol‐related consequences at 30‐day and 6‐month follow‐up assessments. Drinking risk status moderated intervention effects such that results were only significant for high‐risk drinkers (i.e., students reporting initiation of heavy episodic drinking at baseline).     

右侧背外侧前额叶在视觉工作记忆中的因果性作用

以往的影像学研究表明右侧背外侧前额叶皮层(DLPFC)在视觉工作记忆中发挥重要作用, 然而缺乏因果性的证据。本研究旨在考察右侧DLPFC的激活与视觉工作记忆容量的因果关系, 并探讨这一关系受到记忆负荷的调节及其神经机制。被试接受经颅直流电刺激之后完成视觉工作记忆变化检测任务, 根据被试在虚假刺激情况下从负荷4到负荷6任务记忆容量的增量将被试分为低记忆增长潜力组(简称低潜力组)和高记忆增长潜力组(简称高潜力组), 结果发现正性电刺激右侧DLPFC相对于虚假电刺激显著提升了高潜力组被试在低记忆负荷(负荷4)下的记忆容量及其对应的提取阶段的脑电指标SPCN成分。表明右侧DLPFC在视觉工作记忆的提取阶段发挥重要的因果性作用; 正性经颅直流电刺激右侧DLPFC可使工作记忆容量高潜力被试获得更多的脑活动增益, 并导致更好的行为提升效果。     

网络成瘾者工作记忆能力的ERP研究

旨在探究网络成瘾者和非成瘾者在言语工作记忆任务和视觉工作记忆任务中,面对网络相关刺激与网络无关刺激的ERP成分差异。利用词汇和图片材料,招募网络成瘾者以及非成瘾者各30名参加了N-back（N=2）工作记忆任务的ERP实验,同时记录行为数据及EEG,离线处理数据。结果发现：（1）在视觉工作记忆任务中,与网络无关图片相比,两组被试对网络相关图片的反应时显著更长,正确率也显著更低,而在言语工作记忆中无此显著差异;（2）非成瘾者面对网络相关图片产生的N2波幅显著高于网络无关图片,网络成瘾者对网络相关图片产生的P3波幅显著高于网络无关图片。两组差异表明网络成瘾者在言语工作记忆和视觉工作记忆上对网络相关刺激的早期加工存在差异,网络成瘾者对网络相关图片的视觉工作记忆水平较低。     

工作场所不文明行为受害者向实施者反转的机制

梳理和归纳了导致工作场所不文明行为的受害者反转为实施者的组织事件, 包括团队层次的不作为领导行为和领导不文明行为以及个体层次的同事不文明行为。借助事件系统理论对受害者反转为实施者的认知过程进行了说明, 如果组织事件的强度足够引起受害者的控制化信息加工, 则其可能改变自己的原有行为进而实施工作场所不文明行为; 根据社会信息加工理论, 受害者的控制化信息加工可以通过三条路径实现, 即学习过程, 归因过程和道德判断过程。建议未来研究进一步探讨情绪和认知两者在不文明行为受害者角色反转中的作用, 以及工作领域之外的因素在其中的作用, 并且能够使用日记研究法进行验证; 未来研究还可以探讨工作场所不文明行为的旁观者反转为实施者的机制。     

基于自发脑电的脑机接口研究进展

脑机接口是一种不依赖于外周神经和肌肉等常规输出通道的信息交流系统,近年来发展非常迅速。它可为神经肌肉障碍患者提供一条与外界沟通的途径,并在虚拟现实、游戏娱乐和航空等领域具有潜在价值。目前,脑机接口中常用的脑电输入信号包括P300、稳态视觉诱发电位（SS—VEP）、皮层慢电位（SCP）以及μ或β节律等。其中,SCP、μ或β节律等自发脑电不依赖于额外刺激的输入,不会产生视觉疲劳,没有适应性的问题,且其神经生理学基础已获得比较深入的研究,因而在脑机接口中得到了较多的应用。但是,基于自发脑电的脑机接口也存在明显的缺陷,如并非所有个体都适用基于汕节律的脑机接口,基于SCP的脑机接口要经过长时间的训练才能实现等。     

Ecological Predictors of Disciplinary Style and Child Abuse Potential in a Hispanic and Anglo-American Sample

Recent attention to multicultural issues has sparked recognition that parenting is also a culturally construed phenomenon. The present study involved a diverse sample of 90 Anglo-American and Hispanic parents examining predictors based on distal/proximal levels as conceptualized in the ecological model. The study examined background characteristics (e.g., minority status, educational level, income), intrapersonal (anger, parenting competence, parenting satisfaction), and extrapersonal (social support) factors in the prediction of child abuse potential and dysfunctional disciplinary style. Parents participated anonymously in an in-home assessment. Neither minority status nor income predicted abuse potential or parenting style beyond what was accounted for by educational level. The pattern of findings for the sample suggests the relative importance of anger expression, parenting self-efficacy, and social support satisfaction in both abuse potential and disciplinary style for both Hispanic and Anglo-American parents. Future research directions with diverse samples are considered, including the need for measures specifically designed to assess parenting issues in diverse cultural groups.     

Evangelicalism

Abstract : The evangelical ethos gives priority to grace over works and is shaped by its irrepressible missionary impulse; faith is existential rather than merely conceptual. The early roots of evangelicalism through the modern period are discussed, and put in context with other movements that grew out of the Reformation. The goal of Christian evangelizing is the creation of a person whose life bears witness to the authenticity of faith.     

当代民众信仰状况及其相关因素的心理学研究

为研究当代民众的信仰状况及其相关因素,采用自行设计的调查问卷对745名天津市民进行测量。结果显示:不同类别人群在信仰追求上存在非常显著的差异。物质信仰、伦理信仰与年龄有显著的正相关,精神信仰基本上不存在年龄差异。精神信仰和国家社会信仰与文化程度存在非常显著的正相关,而物质信仰、伦理信仰和宗教信仰均与文化程度存在非常显著的负相关。精神信仰和国家社会信仰与社会安定意识呈正相关,物质信仰和宗教信仰与社会安定意识呈负相关。     

"状态改变:状态继续"与"做:不做"

检查了“做／不做”这对概念的不足后．本文用“状态改变／状态继续”来替代“做／不做”。在“状态改变-状态继续”框架基础上将事件分为“整体事件”和“分段事件”。研究证实“做／不做”只适合于“整体事件”而不适合“分段事件”。最后．该框架部分也解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思想所表现出的差异。     

SPEECH EVENTS, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, AND THE CLINICAL SITUATION

Psychoanalysis brings about psychic change by the mediation of speech. This paper reflects upon the significance of the structure and developmental organisation of the speech event as a verbal and non-verbal unit composed of semantically and prosodically encoded messages, interactions and emotional contact between partners. Spoken words communicate semantic meanings and the affects of a given speech event. Words carry personal emotional meanings which are inseparable from their referential significance. Such emotional meanings are very hard to articulate in words. They are conveyed by the ineffable but essential feelings present in their sound and pronunciation. Speech is an intentionally object-related and emotionally engaging social activity resulting from a child having been spoken to early in life by an adult wanting to establish affective verbal contact. The early organisation and later transformation of the structure of the speech event carries private meanings for each person's listening and speaking stance. A refined understanding of the structural and emotional complexities of verbal communicative exchanges during analysis may enhance the analyst's ability to understand the patient'smanner of participation in the analytic process.