不同抑郁状态个体对情绪面孔的评价研究

目的:为探讨不同抑郁状态个体对情绪面孔的效价评价情况。方法:以BDI、SDS、CCMD-3和汉密顿抑郁量表为工具筛选出42名正常对照组、54名抑郁情绪组、17名抑郁康复组和24名抑郁患者组成员,所有被试完成情绪面孔的效价评价任务。结果:发现抑郁患者组和抑郁情绪组对高兴面孔的评价分数显著低于其他两组(F=7.427,p=0.000);抑郁患者组和抑郁康复组对悲伤面孔的评价分数显著低于其他两组(F=4.956,p=0.003);抑郁患者组和抑郁康复组在情绪评价任务中对高兴和中性面孔的反应时显著长于其他两组(F=13.735,p=0.000;F=18.008,p=0.000),对悲伤面孔的反应时与其他两组无显著差异(p>0.05),抑郁患者组对中性面孔的反应时显著长于悲伤面孔(F=4.240,p=0.018)。结论:抑郁个体对正性刺激存在感知缺陷,对负性刺激存在夸大加工倾向和加工易化效应,其中前者是抑郁的状态特征,后两者是抑郁的特质特征。     

组织支持对工作压力的中介效应研究——基于知识型员工样本的实证分析

采用中介变量分析的一般范式,以知识型员工为研究样本,实证检验了组织支持在工作压力源与压力反应之间的中介效应。研究表明:组织支持在良性压力源(如任务要求、能力要求)与积极压力反应(如组织承诺、工作满意度、工作参与感)之间发挥显著的中介作用;在负性压力源(如人际冲突、组织结构问题、时间冲突)与积极和消极压力反应(如消极工作情绪)之间都发挥显著的缓冲作用。管理者在知识型员工压力管理过程中,应高度重视组织支持的中介缓冲作用。     

材料因素对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响

通过三个实验考察材料特有的内在因素差异对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响,选取814名的高一学生作为被试,男女各半。实验一是探讨性质不同的孤立项目对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响;实验二是探讨层次差异不同的同质项目对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响;实验三是探讨孤立项目的序列位置对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响。结果表明:在不同材料中,材料的性质的差异越大,孤立效应越显著,证明了孤立材料的距离效应;在同质材料中,材料内部层次差异越大,孤立效应越显著,证明了孤立材料的幅度效应;在学习判断中,不管孤立项目的序列位置处于前位还是后位,都存在孤立效应,且材料中孤立项目的位置越靠后面,其孤立效应就越明显,证明了孤立材料的后位效应。     

调节性匹配理论述评

在决策、动机领域,Higgins（2000）提出了一种新的理论——调节性匹配理论。所谓调节性匹配（regulatoryfit）,指的是个体的自我调节定向与其行为策略之间的匹配。该理论认为,调节性匹配能增强个体在目标追求过程中的动机强度、主观评价和情绪体验,从而对个体的行为决策产生重要影响。文章围绕调节性匹配的概念、产生、效应及应用价值等问题对相关研究进行综述,并在此基础上提出了现有研究存在的问题及未来的研究方向     

重复学习判断中的低自信效应

学习判断是元认知判断的一种重要形式,是对未来回忆成绩的预测。重复学习判断中的低自信效应是一个有趣而反常的现象,指在重复学习测验中,学习判断往往低估了回忆成绩的增加,出现低自信的一种现象。目前,大部分实验证据支持重复学习判断中的低自信效应是普遍存在的,但也有一些实验结果表明该效应是受一定条件限制的。对于这种低自信效应的作用机制,研究者提出了不同的理论模型（如,锚定调整假说、记忆偏向消除理论、过去测验记忆的启发式假说等）进行了深入探讨。最后,文章还指出了此领域现有研究的局限和有待研究的问题     

Stroop 稀释效应的研究及其理论解释

Stroop稀释效应是指在Stroop效应的色词-色块范式中若增加无关词作为分心刺激,Stroop效应将被大大削弱的现象。文章回顾了Stroop稀释效应的相关研究及理论解释,并对这些理论进行了分析和比较。最后,对未来的研究趋势作了展望。     

电子地图导航中用户空间定向认知过程机制的研究

通过对33名大学生被试进行研究,考察在电子地图导航系统中四种条件下被试判断方位的反应时的差异,探讨电子地图导航中用户空间定向认知过程的时间模型。结果发现,这四种实验条件下的反应时两两之间存在显著差异,由于这四种条件分别代表用户判断方位时四种所需的认知环节的组合方式,故而证实了电子地图导航中用户空间定向认知过程的时间模型,即：用户方位判断＝心理旋转＋目标搜索＋方位定向。     

A comparison of the effects of thought suppression, distraction and concentration

This study compared the effects of suppression, focused-distraction, and concentration on controlling unwanted distressing thoughts, and examined how anxiety levels were associated with the use of each thought-control technique. In the study, college students were told to suppress thoughts about a distressing story, to suppress the same thoughts by focusing on an alternative distraction task, to simply concentrate on that alternative task, or to think about anything without restrictions for 6 minutes. This initial period was followed by a “free-thinking” period to assess the delayed effect of thought-control techniques. The results indicated that focused-distraction and concentration led to fewer intrusions of target thoughts than suppression, and concentration in turn resulted in fewer target intrusions than focused-distraction during the initial period. Participants in the focused-distraction and concentration condition also tended to report lower anxiety during the initial period than those who were told to suppress thoughts.     

Priming reveals differential coding of symbolic and non-symbolic quantities

Number processing is characterized by the distance and the size effect, but symbolic numbers exhibit smaller effects than non-symbolic numerosities. The difference between symbolic and non-symbolic processing can either be explained by a different kind of underlying representation or by parametric differences within the same type of underlying representation. We performed a primed naming study to investigate this issue. Prime and target format were manipulated (digits or collections of dots) as well as the numerical distance between prime and target value. Qualitatively different priming patterns were observed for the two formats, showing that the underlying representations differed in kind: Digits activated mental number representations of the place coding type, while collections of dots activated number representations of the summation coding type.     

The tripartite model for assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression: psychometrics of the Dutch version of the mood and anxiety symptoms questionnaire

AIM: The tripartite model conceptualizes symptoms of depression and anxiety in three groups: low positive affect and anhedonia, which is specific to depression, somatic arousal, which is unique to anxiety, and nonspecific general distress. The Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ) was developed to measure these symptom domains. This study reports on the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the MASQ. METHOD: The questionnaire was completed by a population-based sample and by patients with anxiety and/or mood disorders. Scores of these respondent groups were compared to assess the discriminant validity of the MASQ and evaluate the appropriateness of the tripartite model. RESULTS: The psychometric properties of the translated MASQ were highly satisfactory. In accordance with the model, we found the MASQ to comprise three main scales, which discriminate well between subgroups of patients with mood and anxiety disorders. DISCUSSION: Overall, like the English version the Dutch translation of the instrument appears to be a reliable and valid measure of symptoms of depression and anxiety, conceptualized as comprising three groups of symptoms. The Dutch MASQ is better able to distinguish unique aspects of mood and anxiety disorders than other self-report instruments.