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121.
Steinberg D 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2004,25(4):229-241
Kidney donation by young children and the mentally retarded has been supported by court decisions, arguments based on obligations inherent in family relationships, an array of contextual factors, and the principle of beneficence. These justifications for taking organs from people who cannot protect themselves are problematic and must be weighed against our obligation to protect the vulnerable. A compromise solution is presented that strongly protects young children and the mentally retarded but does not abdicate all responsibility to relieve suffering. Guidelines are proposed that prohibit the retrieval of kidneys from young children and the mentally retarded but permit one exception. They would allow retrieval of a kidney when the consequence to a first order relative with whom the donor has a meaningful and valuable relationship is otherwise imminent death. This would be done in accordance with additional guidelines that minimize harm to the donor. Since most patients with end stage renal disease can be maintained on dialysis the need for a kidney to prevent death should be an uncommon occurrence. This compromise is proposed as a solution to a dilemma that exists because two ethical principles are in conflict and one cannot be honored without violating the other. 相似文献
122.
Salvi M 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):101-108
In this paper I address the conflict of interest (CoI) issue from a legal point of view at a European level. We will see that
the regulatory framework that exists in Europe does state the need for the independence of ethics committee involved in authorisation
of research and clinical trials. We will see that CoI is an element that has to be closely monitored at National and International
level. Therefore, Member States and Newly Associated States do have to address CoI in the authorisation process of research
and clinical protocols of biomedicine.
The opinions here expressed are personal and do not commit the European Commission.
An earlier version of this paper was delivered at a Conference on Conflict of Interest and Its Significance in Science and Medicine, 5–6 April, 2002, Warsaw, Poland.
The author is a Scientific Officer in the Programme Science and Society dealing with ethics and science (Unit C.3). 相似文献
123.
124.
Jonathan Dancy 《Metaphilosophy》1999,30(1&2):25-32
In this brief response I argue that Sinnott-Armstrong has underestimated the complexities that moral principles will have to circumvent if they are to survive particularist criticism. I also argue that we cannot yet accept Gert's accounts of moral relevance and of how a sound moral rule can survive exceptions. 相似文献
125.
Eugen Tarnow PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(1):73-88
A questionnaire probing the distribution of authorship credit was given to postdoctoral associates (“postdocs”) in order to
determine their awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement on authorship, the extent of communication with
their supervisors about authorship criteria, and the appropriateness of authorship assignments on submitted papers.
Results indicate a low awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement and that little communication takes place
between postdocs and supervisors about authorship criteria. A substantial amount of authorship credit given to supervisors
and other workers is perceived by the postdocs to violate the professional society’s ethical statement. 相似文献
126.
Garrett Cullity 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》1999,2(3):277-294
Are there good grounds for thinking that the moral values of action are to be derived from those of character? This ‘virtue ethical’ claim is sometimes thought of as a kind of normative ethical theory; sometimes as form of opposition to any such theory. However, the best case to be made for it supports neither of these claims. Rather, it leads us to a distinctive view in moral epistemology: the view that my warrant for a particular moral judgement derives from my warrant for believing that I am a good moral judge. This view seems to confront a regress-problem. For the belief that I am a good moral judge is itself a particular moral judgement. So it seems that, on this view, I need to derive my warrant for believing that I am a good moral judge from my warrant for believing that I am a good judge of moral judges; and so on. I show how this worry can be met, and trace the implications of the resulting view for warranted moral judgement. 相似文献
127.
《The Journal of analytical psychology》1998,43(1):195-197
Analytical Psychology
Guggenbühl, Allan., The Incredible Fascination of Violence: Dealing with Aggression and Brutality Among Children.
Bradway, Kay & McCoard, Barbara., Sandplay – Silent Workshop of the Psyche.
Psychoanalysis
Segal, Hanna., Psychoanalysis, Literature and War.
Psychotherapy
White, Andy., Going Mad to Stay Sane – The Psychology of Self-Destructive Behaviour.
Reeve, Gillian & Nesbitt, Jo., The Desperate Woman's Guide to Therapy.
Miscellaneous
Schmidt Neven, Ruth., Emotional Milestones – From Birth to Adulthood: A Psychodynamic Approach. 相似文献
Guggenbühl, Allan., The Incredible Fascination of Violence: Dealing with Aggression and Brutality Among Children.
Bradway, Kay & McCoard, Barbara., Sandplay – Silent Workshop of the Psyche.
Psychoanalysis
Segal, Hanna., Psychoanalysis, Literature and War.
Psychotherapy
White, Andy., Going Mad to Stay Sane – The Psychology of Self-Destructive Behaviour.
Reeve, Gillian & Nesbitt, Jo., The Desperate Woman's Guide to Therapy.
Miscellaneous
Schmidt Neven, Ruth., Emotional Milestones – From Birth to Adulthood: A Psychodynamic Approach. 相似文献
128.
Diane M. McKnight 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(1):97-113
Formalizing shared ethical standards is an activity of scientific societies designed to achieve a collective goal of promoting
ethical conduct. A scientist who is faced with the choice of becoming a “whistleblower” by exposing misconduct does so in
the context of these ethical standards. Examination of ethics policies of scientific societies which are members of the Council
of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP) shows a breadth of purpose and scope in these policies. Among the CSSP member societies,
some ethics policies chiefly present the ethical culture of the community in an educational context and do not have enforcement
procedures. Other policies are more comprehensive and include standards for certification, procedures for addressing ethical
issues, and established sanctions. Of the 36 member societies of CSSP that have developed a code or adopted a code of another
professional society, 18 specifically identified a responsibility to expose ethical misconduct, demonstrating an acknowledgment
of the possible critical role of the whistleblower in addressing ethical issues. Scientific societies may revise their ethics
codes based upon experience gained in addressing cases of ethical misconduct.
In most cases, the action of a whistleblower is the initial step in addressing an ethics violation; the whistleblower may
either be in the position of an observer or a victim, such as in the case of someone who discovers that his or her own work
has been plagiarized. The ethics committee of a scientific society is one of several possible outlets through which the whistleblower
can voice a complaint or concern. Ethical violations can include falsification, fabrication, plagiarism and other authorship
disputes, conflict of interest and other serious violations. Commonly, some of these violations may involve publication in
the scientific literature. Thus addressing ethical issues may be intertwined with a scientific society’s role in the dissemination
of new scientific results. For a journal published by a scientific society, the editor can refer at some point to the ethics
committee of the society. Whereas, in the case of a journal published by a commercial publisher, the editor may be without
direct support of the associated scientific community in handling the case. The association of a journal with a scientific
society may thus direct a whistleblower towards addressing the issue within the scientific community rather than involving
the press or talking to colleagues who may gossip. A formal procedure for handling ethics cases may also discourage false
accusers. Another advantage of handling complaints through ethics committees is that decisions to contact home institutions
or funding agencies can be made by the ethics committee and are not the responsibility of the whistleblower or the editor
of the journal. The general assessment is that the establishment of ethics policies, especially policies covering publication
in society journals, will promote a culture supportive of whistleblowers and discouraging to false accusers.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: What the
Scientific Community Can Do About Whistleblowing” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Seattle, Washington, 15 February, 1997. 相似文献
129.
Nikolaj Plotnikov 《Studies in East European Thought》1994,46(3):187-196
Lecturer in the Lomonossov University, Moscow, specialist in the young Hegel; has also worked quite extensively on Russian prerevolutionary thought. Nikolaj Plotnikov is notably the co-editor of the recently re-published texts,Vekhi, Iz Glubiny in the collection 'Iz istorii oteestvennoj filosofskoj mysli' in conjunction withVoprosy Filosofii. 相似文献
130.
Tom Tomlinson 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1994,15(1):5-20
For a number of reasons, casuistry has come into vogue in medical ethics. Despite the frequency with which it is avowed, the application of casuistry to issues in medical ethics has been given virtually no systematic defense in the ethics literature. That may be for good reason, since a close examination reveals that casuistry delivers much less than its advocates suppose, and that it shares some of the same weaknesses as the principle-based methods it would hope to supplant. 相似文献