中国人的核心自我评价的理论构想

介绍了西方经典核心自我评价的概念的提出、组成和预测能力,并提出了中国人核心自我评价的理论构想。西方经典核心自我评价包括4种核心特质：自尊、控制点、神经质和一般自我效能。文章对西方经典核心自我评价研究的主要贡献和对我们目前研究的借鉴意义作了分析,提出中国人的核心自我评价的理论构想包括4种核心特质,即善良、才干、处世态度和集体自尊。     

庄子僧肇人生观比较研究——基于道家哲学与佛教中国化关系的研究

庄子与僧肇的人生观分属传统道家哲学和大乘佛教哲学,两者之间有本质的差别,庄子在人生价值取向上主要追求的是个体精神自由,僧肇则继承了大乘佛教“自觉觉他”、度化众生的理想。两者不同的人生价值追求在处世观、理想境界、理想人格等方面均有相应的体现。由于大乘佛教本身具有关注现实人生的特征,加上僧肇有意识地吸收融合老庄玄学的思想内容,因此,僧肇人生观中的共同点也是多方面的。僧肇哲学站在般若中观学说的立场上,承续了魏晋玄学的理论主题和体用一如的思维意向,并从思想理论的许多方面对两种思想资源进行了融通,在推进魏晋玄学向前发展的同时,对佛教的中国化和中国哲学的发展趋势具有导向作用。     

Dementia and Suffering in Nursing Homes

SUMMARY

This paper uses case studies of challenging behaviour associated with dementia to demonstrate, firstly, that disturbed behaviour is often a manifestation of suffering caused by multiple phenomena such as medical problems or the care environment. Addressing these causes instead of simplistically ‘treating the behaviour’ usually reduces the behaviour. Secondly, staff distress with a particular difficult resident is often caused by more general fundamental problems such as a lack of support or knowledge. Addressing these problems reduces staff distress. Finally, results from a Swedish intervention study are presented. They show that suffering for both staff and residents can be reduced, and quality of life improved, by providing increased autonomy for hands-on staff, systematic emotional support, and collaboratively developing care plans based on each resident's emotional and physical needs, rather than the problems they present.     

略论伦理经济

本文将不再坚持传统的伦理与经济的二分法的观点,不把伦理看作只是对经济存在一种能动的反作用。试图从一个新的伦理经济的视角研究,伦理经济把伦理本身看作是渗透在经济之中的一种经济因素,经济本身内涵着伦理价值。伦理与经济互相渗透,互相作用,在一定意义上互为一体。因为问题过于宏大和复杂,无法进行全面研究,只从伦理道德作为伦理精神和作为资本如何与经济因素融合这样二个方面加以论证。     

环境伦理学中的"生态化"人生观

从其实践要求和理论品性来看,一种完整的环境伦理学理论必然包含着一种关于人生观的理解。本文主要探讨罗尔斯顿环境伦理理论和深生态学关于人生观的主张和见解,从而指出环境伦理学理论包含着一种“生态化”人生观。相对于现代社会盛行的人生观来说,“生态化”人生观是基于人生之生命层面的,尊重自然的,后物质主义的人生观。它作为一种新的人生观理论具有重要现实意义。     

从我国现行法律看安乐死的实施

安乐死作为自然人在特殊情况下对自己生命自主选择的权利,涉及人的生命权益,有关生命权立法是安乐死问题的关键。安乐死的实施与我国现行法律对生命权的严格维护产生冲突,需要我国用法律的形式肯定安乐死,并对现行法律做出适当调整,为安乐死立法留下法律空间。     

What Makes People Happy? Some Evidence from Northern Ireland

Using data on over 3000 individuals in Northern Ireland, this paper conducts an econometric investigation into what makes people happy. It draws a distinction between “objective” (income, marital status) and “subjective” (satisfaction with one’s standard of living (SoL); money worries; experience of poverty) factors determining happiness. In so doing, it takes a broader view of “economic status” than one defined solely by income: occupational class, mortgage status, financial worries, rural/urban residence, poverty experience, and, of course, income coalesce to form this, more complex, concept of economic status. Juxtaposed against this, is the concept of “context-free” and “context-specific” well-being. A particular example of the latter is the degree of satisfaction with one’s SoL and an important point of focus of the paper is the relationship between SoL satisfaction and happiness. A complementary point of focus is an analysis of the determinants of context-free and context-specific well-being. The paper also examines the effects of non-economic factors on happiness in particular on specific aspects of the ill-health of respondents and upon the quality of the areas in which they live. Having analysed these effects, it places a money value on each of the diversity of effects that act upon a person’s level of happiness.The analysis in this paper is based on the Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland (PSENI) Project’s data and I am grateful to the Project leaders – Paddy Hillyard, Eithne McLaughlin and Mike Tomlinson – for permission to use these data. Thanks are due to Andrew Oswald, to one of the Editors of JOHS, and to two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. Needless to say, the usual disclaimer applies.     

Altruism and health outcomes in multiple sclerosis: The effect of cognitive reserve

Despite age-associated decreases in cognitive and physical abilities, age is not associated with a decrease in ratings of well-being; this phenomenon is termed the ‘paradox of well-being.’ One potential explanation for this paradox may be that older adults place less value on cognitive abilities that have been shown to decrease with age (e.g., memory) and more value on cognitive abilities shown to increase with age (e.g., knowledge). Using online methods, 358 individuals between the ages of 18 and 88 completed a survey assessing the values placed on everyday cognitive abilities, self-ratings for those same abilities, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that there were minimal age-related differences in values placed on everyday cognitive abilities and that values generally did not moderate the relationship between perceptions of cognitive functioning and life satisfaction. Of note, values placed on cognition significantly predicted life satisfaction in younger adults, but not in middle-aged and older adults.     

The effect of contemplation and meditation on ‘great compassion’ on the psychological well-being of adolescents

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of contemplation and meditation (CM) training, with a focus on developing great compassion, on the psychological well-being (PWB) of adolescents. Participants (N = 51, mean age = 15.8) were randomly allocated to either CM training (n = 26) or a comparison group (n = 25). Both groups completed measures of PWB before and after the intervention. Adolescents who received CM training showed statistically significant increases in environmental mastery and personal growth, as well as decreased negative affect compared to the comparison group. Girls in the experimental group also showed a significant decrease in negative affect compared with boys in the experimental group. Both the experimental and comparison groups demonstrated increased life satisfaction, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, autonomy, and purpose in life. There were no changes in positive affect and positive relations with others for both groups.     

Cognitive-behavioral,solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving,well-being,and hope

Research is in its infancy in the newly emerging field of coaching psychology. This study examined the effects of a 10-week cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching group programme. Participants were randomly allocated to a life coaching group programme (n =?28) or a waitlist control group (n =?28). Participation in the life coaching group programme was associated with significant increases in goal striving, well-being and hope, with gains maintained up to 30 weeks later on some variables. Hope theory may explain such positive outcomes. Life coaching programmes that utilize evidence-based techniques may provide a framework for further research on psychological processes that occur in non-clinical populations who wish to make purposeful change and enhance their positive psychological functioning.