论曼德威尔的“私恶即公利”

曼德威尔的“私恶即公利”具有矛盾性和过渡性。他既肯定了在资本主义条件下私利对公利的促进 ,私利与公利在本质上的一致性 ;在价值评价上又采取了矛盾的形式 ,仍然认为私利是一种“恶” ,不能摆脱或抛弃基督教禁欲主义的伦理体系。曼德威尔的思想 ,为斯密对资本主义经济结构及其伦理性质的论证提供了准备 ,在对私利或个人利益的伦理评价上 ,他的“私恶即公利”的思想成为由中世纪基督教禁欲主义过渡到近代资本主义的个人主义、利己主义的中间环节。他的这一矛盾的命题对于我们在社会主义市场经济条件下如何看待个人利益依然具有启发意义。     

Kidney Transplants From Young Children and the Mentally Retarded

Kidney donation by young children and the mentally retarded has been supported by court decisions, arguments based on obligations inherent in family relationships, an array of contextual factors, and the principle of beneficence. These justifications for taking organs from people who cannot protect themselves are problematic and must be weighed against our obligation to protect the vulnerable. A compromise solution is presented that strongly protects young children and the mentally retarded but does not abdicate all responsibility to relieve suffering. Guidelines are proposed that prohibit the retrieval of kidneys from young children and the mentally retarded but permit one exception. They would allow retrieval of a kidney when the consequence to a first order relative with whom the donor has a meaningful and valuable relationship is otherwise imminent death. This would be done in accordance with additional guidelines that minimize harm to the donor. Since most patients with end stage renal disease can be maintained on dialysis the need for a kidney to prevent death should be an uncommon occurrence. This compromise is proposed as a solution to a dilemma that exists because two ethical principles are in conflict and one cannot be honored without violating the other.     

Professional Ethical Issues and the Development of Professional Ethical Standards in Counseling and Clinical Psychology in China

This article aims to summarize the current ethical issues in the field of clinical and counseling psychology and the process of developing professional ethical standards in China. First, through a review of the history of counseling and psychotherapy in China, general background information is provided. Important ethical issues are then discussed based on the results from several empirical studies. Finally, the process of developing the new edition of the Chinese Psychological Society Code of Ethics for Clinical and Counseling Psychology, the main contents as well as the considerations taken into account in the development of this code are presented.     

人体挑战试验的伦理治理探究

人体挑战试验有助于开发或测试针对传染病的疫苗,同时也引发了重要的伦理问题：故意感染健康参与者是否可以被接受,参与者承受较高的风险和负担并可能造成第三方的风险,如何取得参与者的知情同意,付款与不当引诱引发的伦理问题。针对人体挑战试验,全球已进行相关的伦理治理,并通过制定相关指南来规范人体挑战试验。围绕试验之前应注意的问题、政府层面应制定和完善科学的治理政策、建立评估体系与预防系统和研究机构应负的伦理责任四个方面初步为人体挑战试验的治理体系提供建议。

     

医学遗传服务与遗传学研究的伦理问题

遗传工程的分子技术于本世纪７０年代问世。这一技术的创新使人类与医学遗传学突飞猛进,由此导致遗传医学的飞速发展。与此同步,医学伦理学兴起,临床医学遗传服务与遗传学研究的伦理问题日益成为人文科学关注的核心。世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）于１９９７年发布的《医学遗传学与遗传服务伦理问题的建议国际准则》。探讨我国医学伦理学发展的策略和面临的挑战,祈盼适合我国国情的中华医学遗传服务与遗传学研究的伦理准则早日问世。     

Service-learning and engineering ethics

This paper explores ways in which service-learning programs can enhance ethics education in engineering. Service-learning programs combine volunteer work and academic study. The National Society for Professional Engineers (NSPE) and American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) codes of ethics explicitly encourage engineers to seek opportunities, beyond their work-related responsibilities, to serve their communities. Examples of how this can be encouraged as a part of the educational experiences of engineering students are explored.     

Integrating ethics in design through the value-sensitive design approach

The Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) has declared that to achieve accredited status, “engineering programs must demonstrate that their graduates have an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.” Many engineering professors struggle to integrate this required ethics instruction in technical classes and projects because of the lack of a formalized ethics-in-design approach. However, one methodology developed in human-computer interaction research, the Value-Sensitive Design approach, can serve as an engineering education tool which bridges the gap between design and ethics for many engineering disciplines. The three major components of Value-Sensitive Design, conceptual, technical, and empirical, exemplified through a case study which focuses on the development of a command and control supervisory interface for a military cruise missile.     

政府环境伦理责任论

作为一种特殊经济主体,政府承担着必不可少的环境伦理责任。政府的环境伦理责任是指政府在参与社会经济活动过程中应该为环境保护事业承担的道德责任,它主要是通过政府制定和推行环境政策、法规、规划、标准的情况得到体现的。为了有效地开展环境保护工作,我们应该实行“政府为主,市场为辅”的环保机制。     

The authorship list in science: Junior physicists’ perceptions of who appears and why

A questionnaire probing the distribution of authorship credit was given to postdoctoral associates (“postdocs”) in order to determine their awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement on authorship, the extent of communication with their supervisors about authorship criteria, and the appropriateness of authorship assignments on submitted papers. Results indicate a low awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement and that little communication takes place between postdocs and supervisors about authorship criteria. A substantial amount of authorship credit given to supervisors and other workers is perceived by the postdocs to violate the professional society’s ethical statement.