中学生网络利他行为与希望的关系:自我效能感与自尊的中介作用

采用希望特质量表、网络利他行为量表、自尊量表和一般自我效能感量表对326名中学生进行调查, 考察中学生网络利他行为对其希望的影响, 以及自我效能感和自尊在其中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)相关分析显示, 中学生网络利他行为、自我效能感、自尊和希望之间呈显著正相关;(2)结构方程模型分析表明, 自我效能感在中学生网络利他行为对希望的影响中起完全中介作用, 自尊在中学生网络利他行为对希望的影响中不起中介作用, 自我效能感和自尊在中学生网络利他行为对希望的影响中起链式中介作用。     

大学新生的人生意义与抑郁:交互效应与中介效应

基于Frankl(1963)的意义疗法理论观点和Steger等(2006)提出的人生意义双维构念, 考察人生意义对大学新生抑郁的影响机制, 分析其中可能存在的交互效应和中介效应。采用问卷法调查了某东部省会城市1所理工科大学、1所综合性大学的435名新生, 结果表明:(1)大学新生的意义体验与无聊倾向、抑郁负相关, 与希望正相关;意义寻求与意义体验、抑郁的相关均不显著;(2)意义体验和意义寻求对抑郁具有交互效应, 对意义寻求较低的个体, 意义体验的保护作用更强;(3)意义体验通过无聊倾向和希望的并行多重中介效应影响抑郁, 且无聊倾向的中介效应显著强于希望。     

HIV/Aids: an encounter with death or a journey into life?

This is an account of a panel discussion. It focuses on an encounter with the HIV/Aids virus. Such an encounter may result in a descent into despair, hopelessness and ultimately death, or it may offer the opportunity of possible transformation of consciousness to embrace a life lived productively and meaningfully with a chronic but manageable disease. A picture is provided of the dire situation that exists regarding the HIV/Aids pandemic in South Africa. The HI-virus is compared to a malevolent trickster type energy that uses ingenious means to gain access to the host. It is an impersonal agent seeking only its own survival but if left untreated will ultimately result in the death of the host. Reference is made to characters in the musical, The Lion King, to illustrate that it is the willingness to suffer the painful emotions evoked following a diagnosis of being HIV-positive more consciously that allows for a transformation from despair and hopelessness to a life lived productively and meaningfully. Two of the panelists who are HIV-positive share their experiences of this process. One recounts how, living with Aids, his connections with others and human relatedness helped to restore his dignity and self-worth. The other relates how his willingness to state his status publicly allowed him to overcome the stigma and shame that are evoked when diagnosed as HIV-positive. This has allowed him to seek appropriate treatment with ARV's. He now lives with a chronic but manageable infection and leads a creative and significant life. The difficulties encountered regarding the prevention of HIV/Aids when attempting to change potentially destructive sexual behaviours in teenagers are discussed. An inspiring account of work in treating those that live with HIV/Aids under difficult circumstances is also discussed.     

希望理论与认知心理治疗的整合

作为传统心理学与积极心理学之间的重要桥梁,希望可以被整合进入认知心理治疗中。咨询实践也证明,将希望理论与先前基于症状减少策略的认知疗法整合,心理治疗不仅可以减少患者的症状,而且能帮助其建立力量感并增加长期的生活满意度。通过界定希望的概念;将希望模型与相关模型进行比较,最后,提出在认知疗法的不同阶段运用希望理论的策略。     

Why Does Fear Override Hope in Societies Engulfed by Intractable Conflict,as It Does in the Israeli Society?

The question of why fear overrides hope in societies embarked on the road of peacemaking after years of intractable conflict is answered on the basis of accumulated knowledge in the psychology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests that fear is an automatic emotion, grounded in the perceived present and often based on the memorized past (also processed unconsciously), that leads to freezing of beliefs, conservatism, and sometimes preemptive aggression. Hope, in contrast, involves mostly cognitive activity, which requires the search for new ideas and thus is based on creativity and flexibility. Because hope is based on thinking, it can be seriously impeded by the spontaneous and unconscious interference of fear. Both fear and hope can become collective emotional orientations that organize society's views and direct its forms of action. It is assumed that societies involved in intractable conflict are dominated by a collective emotional orientation of fear, which is functional in their coping with the stressful and demanding situation. But such an orientation serves as a psychological obstacle to a peace process once it starts. The Israeli Jewish case of collective fear orientation is offered as an example. The presentation includes the roots of this orientation, the ways in which it is reflected and disseminated, and its expressions among the Israeli Jewish public; it ends optimistically with the suggestion that societies can determine to overcome their fear and establish a collective orientation of hope for peace.     

父母忽视与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系:希望的中介作用和性别的调节作用

为探究父母忽视与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系及其中心理机制,本研究以全国七个省的八所中学共805名初二学生为被试,采用问卷法考察了父母忽视与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系及希望在其中的中介作用,并检验了该过程是否受到性别的调节。在控制了每周上网时间和网龄后,结果发现：（1）父母忽视对网络游戏成瘾具有正向预测作用;（2）希望在父母忽视和网络游戏成瘾间起到完全中介作用;（3）性别调节了中介模型的前半段路径,具体表现为相对于女生,父母忽视对男生希望的负向预测作用更显著。结果表明父母忽视会明显降低初二学生的希望水平,进而增加其网络游戏成瘾风险,并且在男生群体中的作用更加显著。     

Positive factors associated with quality of life among Chinese patients with renal carcinoma: a cross-sectional study

Quality of life and positive psychological variables has become a focus of concern in patients with renal carcinoma. However, the integrative effects of positive psychological variables on the illness have seldom been reported. The aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of life and the integrative effects of hope, resilience and optimism on the quality of life among Chinese renal carcinoma patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the First Hospital of China Medical University. 284 participants completed questionnaires consisting of demographic and clinical characteristics, EORTC QLQ-C30, Adult Hope Scale, Resilience Scale-14 and Life Orientation Scale-Revised from July 2013 to July 2014. Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to explore the effects of related factors. Hope, resilience and optimism were significantly associated with quality of life. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope, resilience and optimism as a whole accounted for 9.8, 24.4 and 21.9% of the variance in the global health status, functioning status and symptom status, respectively. The low level of quality of life for Chinese renal carcinoma patients should receive more attention from Chinese medical institutions. Psychological interventions to increase hope, resilience and optimism may be essential to enhancing the quality of life of Chinese cancer patients.     

From “Longshot” to “Fantasy”: Obligations to Pediatric Patients and Families When Last-Ditch Medical Efforts Fail

Clinicians at quaternary centers see part of their mission as providing hope when others cannot. They tend to see sicker patients with more complex disease processes. Part of this mission is offering longshot treatment modalities that are unlikely to achieve their stated goal, but conceivably could. When patients embark on such a treatment plan, it may fail. Often treatment toward an initial goal continues beyond the point at which such a goal is feasible. We explore the progression of care from longshot to fantasy using two pediatric cases. This progression may be differentiated into four distinct stages of care related to the potential of achieving the initial goals of care. Physicians are often ill prepared for the progression of treatments from a longshot hope to an unfeasible and, therefore, typically unjustified intervention. We present a structured approach to guide clinicians at referral institutions where these situations may be common. The transition of care from “longshot” to “fantasy” is an inherent part of quaternary care for the sickest of patients that has been underexplored. Physicians are often poorly equipped to approach that transition. We advocate this approach to the shift from longshot to fantasy with the belief that such a structured method will have multiple benefits, including: reduced suffering for the patient; decreased emotional burden on patient and family; decreased provider moral distress; increased likelihood of seeking high quality palliative care earlier; and provision of honest and straightforward information to patients and their families.     

压力对“蚁族”群体心理健康的影响:希望的调节作用

以广州市棠下、上社、岑村、赤沙等地340名"蚁族"(高校毕业生低收入聚居群体)为被试,采用成人希望特质量表(ADHS)、压力知觉量表(CPSS)、一般心理健康问卷(GHQ),考察了"蚁族"群体的希望水平,并分析了希望在压力和心理健康之间的调节作用。结果发现:①从整体上看,该群体的希望处于中等偏上水平。②压力对于心理健康水平有显著的负向影响;希望能够起到压力缓冲作用,调节压力与一般健康问题、忧郁情绪和自我肯定感之间的关系。③希望对心理健康的忧郁、自我肯定维度的调节作用大小不同,对于忧郁情绪的调节作用更大,而对自我肯定调节作用较小。     

I Believe in You! Measuring the experience of encouragement using the academic encouragement scale

ABSTRACT

To address limitations in conceptualizing and measuring encouragement, the authors developed the Academic Encouragement Scale (AES) to assess the experience of receiving challenge-focused encouragement (directed toward people facing difficult situations) and potential-focused encouragement (helping people realize a potential) within an academic context. Results from 714 college students supported a two-factor structure, corresponding to challenge-focused and potential-focused encouragement. Evidence for the reliability and construct validity of AES scores was provided. The two AES subscales uniquely and positively predicted hope and academic self-efficacy. Challenge-focused encouragement, but not potential-focused encouragement, uniquely and positively predicted campus connectedness. Campus connectedness, but not hope, mediated the relationship between challenge-focused encouragement and academic self-efficacy. In contrast, hope, but not campus connectedness, mediated the association between potential-focused encouragement and academic self-efficacy. Collectively, these findings underscore the distinction between challenge-focused and potential-focused encouragement, as well as the utility of the AES in providing a conceptually complex understanding of encouragement.