希望:心理学的研究述评

在对Snyder希望理论进行概括的基础上,将之与其他几个相关的概念如乐观、个人成长主动性、自信和未来取向等进行比较,并介绍了测量希望的工具.希望与学业成绩、心理健康、生理健康以及企业的领导力和员工表现是有密切联系的,且可能在物质滥用治疗中有一定的作用.关于希望概念近年来不断有新的研究出现,目前在基本概念、文化适应、神经生物机制以及应用研究等方面仍存在进一步研究之必要.     

Mother-Daughter Workshops: An Interactive Encounter

This article describes a mother-daughter experience led by a mother and daughter in which women come together to communicate, share, and overcome the barriers that impede the intimacy of their relationship. Through experiential and educational means, participants are encouraged to use the power of the group experience to break through their isolation. Overall, women leave the experience feeling more hopeful about the possibility of a closer relationship.     

Children's spirituality with particular reference to a Norwegian context: some hermeneutical reflections

Spirituality has become an issue in many domains of the Norwegian society, but this is not reflected in public education. This paper discusses why this is so, and suggests some hermeneutical approaches to understanding spirituality that can include pre‐school children's spirituality, with particular reference to a Norwegian context. Central to this discussion is a case study of children in ‘sacred space’, and an understanding of spirituality as cultural learning. Education in schools as well as in kindergartens is dominated by a secular outlook on life as ‘default’, or a cultural and collective forgetfulness. Children's spirituality challenges adults to explore and rearticulate what is forgotten, in terms of nurturing what it is to be human, of caring for what is really important, and of cultivating hope – in Norway as well as in other countries.     

岗位特征及相关因素对辅导员工作倦怠的影响

本研究旨在探讨岗位特征及相关因素对高校辅导员工作倦怠的影响。在高校辅导员培训课堂上共收取有效数据342份。结果表明：⑴岗位特征包括职业价值感、职业无意义感、岗位消极特征和岗位积极特征四个因子;⑵希望和职业价值感能显著正向预测,角色压力能显著负向预测工作倦怠;⑶角色压力在职业无意义感、岗位消极特征、社会支持对工作倦怠的影响中起完全中介作用,而在职业价值感、希望对工作倦怠的影响中起部分中介作用。本研究初步发现了岗位特征及相关因素对辅导员工作倦怠的作用路径。     

Personal autonomy in group‐based interventions

Marginalized individuals are often caught in a vicious cycle of economic or health problems, a lack of social connection and disempowerment. The present research examines interventions that provide opportunities for social inclusion to break this cycle. Specifically, in two longitudinal field studies, we examined the effect of social inclusion on self‐efficacy and hope in two vulnerable groups, namely, 68 residents in a drug and alcohol rehabilitation centre (Study 1) and 48 marginalized adults taking part in activities organized by a community organization (Study 2). Although somewhat counterintuitive, we hypothesized that social inclusion would affect self‐efficacy by fostering feelings of personal autonomy. The hypothesis was supported by results from both studies revealing an indirect effect from social inclusion via personal autonomy on self‐efficacy and hope. The findings are discussed in relation to how group inclusion may stimulate the development of personal autonomy in disadvantaged adults, an important factor in their recovery and mental health.     

社会支持对大学生希望的影响机制:自尊和自我效能感的中介作用

为了探讨社会支持各维度和大学生希望的关系及其自尊和自我效能感在其中的作用机制,采用社会支持评定量表、希望特质问卷、自尊量表和一般自我效能问卷对756名大学生进行调查。结果发现:(1)社会支持的主观支持维度对大学生的希望有着显著的正向预测作用,客观支持和支持利用度两个维度对希望的预测作用不显著;(2)自尊和自我效能感在主观社会支持对希望的预测关系中有非常显著的中介作用,而自我效能感的中介效应更显著。     

The Psychology of Future-Oriented Thinking: From Achievement to Proactive Coping,Adaptation, and Aging

Contributions to this special issue examine multiple aspects of how people think about and prepare for desired and undesired future outcomes, including the processes that link thoughts about one's present situation to possible future outcomes and those that promote the balanced pursuit of long-term vs. short-term goals. They also identify new distinctions among widely studied future-oriented thoughts and feelings (e.g., optimism versus hope). Several contributions examine proactive efforts to prevent adverse effects or reduce their impact in such challenging contexts as being discriminated against, aging and becoming disabled, preparing for potential disasters, or coping with terrorist attacks. Two final contributions examine the implications of temporal factors for advance decision-making in medicine and business. This introductory article highlights the central issues addressed by the contributions and discusses ways in which studying future-oriented thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the contexts of stress and lifespan development may extend our understanding of future-oriented phenomena beyond the achievement domain.     

思想就意味着超越--恩斯特·布洛赫对马克思主义传统做出的创新

布洛赫是第二次世界大战后德国最具独创性的马克思主义哲学家和对马克思主义传统做出创新的人物.他对唯物主义的理解、他对黑格尔的解释、他的宗教哲学观点,他关于遗产的观点,他的社会主义理论等都是他对马克思主义传统做出的重大创新.     

The Role of Hope in the Psychological Adjustment of Gastropareutic Patients Receiving the Gastric Pacemaker: A Longitudinal Study

Hope, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and physical quality of life (QOL) were assessed in three subgroups of patients receiving the gastric pacemaker. Patients (n = 22) completed questionnaires prior to pacemaker implantation and at 3 and 6 months post-surgery. The idiopathic subgroup reported a significantly greater degree of hope and less anxiety at 6-month follow-up, compared to the diabetes patients. The idiopathic patients also reported significantly less anxiety at 6 months than the postsurgical patients. Across all subgroups, there was an increase in hope and physical QOL, and decrease in depressive symptoms and anxiety, from baseline levels. There was a significant negative relationship between hope and both depressive symptoms and anxiety at baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-up. Presurgical hope level did not significantly predict depressive symptoms or anxiety after implantation. This study provides evidence that the pacemaker improves the physical and psychological health of gastropareutic patients; hope appears to play a role in the psychological adjustment of these patients.     

The effect of a career development programme based on the Hope-Action Theory: Hope to Work for refugees in British Columbia

The purpose of this study was to assess the proximal and distal outcomes of a career development training programme for refugees that was developed based on the Hope-Action Theory (HAT). Adopting an experimental design, proximal outcomes such as self-efficacy, hope-action competencies, job search clarity, and career adaptability were assessed three times; and distal outcomes including employment status, job-seeking activities, career growth, hopeful career state, work engagement, and job satisfaction were assessed once at nine months. We used a two-way mixed effects analysis of covariance and a serial mediation analysis. The programme was effective in developing hope-action competencies, general self-efficacy, and job search clarity. The experimental group participants exhibited higher hopeful career state and work engagement. A serial mediation model of the HAT-based intervention predicting job satisfaction was found. Limitations and future directions are discussed.