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91.
It is shown that the PAR Derivative-Free Nonlinear Regression program in BMDP can be used to fit structural equation models,
producing generalized least squares estimates, standard errors, and goodness-of-fit test statistics. Covariance structure
models more general than LISREL can be analyzed. The approach is particularly useful for dealing with new non-standard models
and experimenting with alternate methods of estimation.
The research of the second author was supported by the NSF grant MCS 83-01587.
We wish to thank our referees for some very valuable suggestions. 相似文献
92.
CARL MARTIN ALLWOOD 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1990,31(3):181-190
The relation between the justification of a choice of solution method and the correctness of that choice in statistical problem solving was investigated. In the first of two studies 16 subjects were asked to think aloud while solving two statistical problems. The results showed that an incorrect choice of solution method was more common when subjects did not justify their choice of solution as compared to when they justified their choice with domain-specific knowledge. Study 2 employed an experimental design. A group of 20 subjects were instructed to provide a justification for each choice of solution method, while another group of 20 subjects received no such instructions. The results showed no difference between the groups with respect to number of correct choices of solution method. A qualitative analysis of the justifications in the instructed group showed that the justifications for incorrect solution methods were more often incorrect than subjects' justifications for correct solution methods. The results in Study 2 suggested that the association found between incorrect choice of solution method and lack of justification in Study 1 was not in the first place due to a strategical deficiency on the part of the subjects but due to a lack of domain-specific knowledge. 相似文献
93.
Certain extensions of Nelson's constructive logic N with strong negation have recently become important in arti.cial intelligence
and nonmonotonic reasoning, since they yield a logical foundation for answer set programming (ASP). In this paper we look
at some extensions of Nelson's .rst-order logic as a basis for de.ning nonmonotonic inference relations that underlie the
answer set programming semantics. The extensions we consider are those based on 2-element, here-and-there Kripke frames. In
particular, we prove completeness for .rst-order here-and-there logics, and their minimal strong negation extensions, for
both constant and varying domains. We choose the constant domain version, which we denote by QNc5, as a basis for de.ning a .rst-order nonmonotonic extension called equilibrium logic. We establish several metatheoretic
properties of QNc5, including Skolem forms and Herbrand theorems and Interpolation, and show that the .rst-oder version of equilibrium logic can be used as a foundation for answer set inference. 相似文献
94.
Fault and responsibility are key concepts in understanding how victims and assailants are, or are not, held accountable by
society. We used a fractional factorial vignette design with a community-residing sample of 3,679 adults to examine judgments
about intimate partner violence (IPV). Although fault, or causal responsibility, was assigned most often to assailants (69%), respondents assigned solution responsibility most often to both persons (52%) or to the victim alone (31%): interpersonal communication for couples (38%)
and self-protective actions for victims (i.e., engaging formal authorities [12%] and/or leaving the assailant [11%]) were
the most frequent suggestions. Potential injury to the victim and gender/relationship-based norms had the greatest impact
on judgments. Findings may inform strategies to alter social norms regarding IPV.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
95.
Speculation about the evolutionary origins of morality has yet to show how a biologically based capacity for morality might be connected to moral reasoning. Applying an evolutionary approach to three kinds of cases where partiality may or may not be morally reasonable, this paper explores a possible connection between a psychological capacity for morality and processes of wide reflective moral equilibrium. The central hypothesis is that while we might expect a capacity for morality to include aspects of partiality, we might also expect these same aspects of the capacity to produce systemic forms of performance-based error. Understanding these errors helps point the way toward a theory of moral competence that includes aspects of both partiality and impartiality. 相似文献
96.
In my recent article, I addressed the question of whether a potential categorical exclusion of decisionally impaired patients
from non-therapeutic medical research would be inaccordance with the Principle of Justice as Fairness. I came to the conclusion
that a categorical exclusion of decisionally impaired persons from relevant research projects may collide with Rawls’s understanding
of Justice as Fairness. Derek Bell has criticized my paper by denying that it is legitimate to apply Rawls to this bioethical
problem. In my restatement I try to show that an extrapolation of John Rawls’s thought to such bioethical cases is possible,
because Rawls himself has written that his orientation towards decisionally non-impaired persons is an idealized situation
that allows extrapolations. In a second part I try to show that Bell hasroughly misunderstood my concept of “presumed consent”
which I make a prerequisite for the legitimisation of research on decisionally impaired persons. In using advance consent
as a proposal for resolving the problem, Bell has indirectly confirmed my approach because he is using a similar construct
of consent, which operates with similar hypotheses and probabilities of error. I see here no categorical difference between
Bell’s conclusion and my discussion. Thus, Bell’s reply does not represent a refutation of my thoughts, but rather it is a
para phrased confirmation of my central theses. I conclude by showing the relevance of Rawls, pointing out that the discussion
between Bell and me illustrates how Rawls’s concept of reflective equilibrium is an appropriate approach to finding a solution
to this bioethical problem.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
Jussi Suikkanen 《Philosophia》2008,36(1):141-150
Rule-consequentialists tend to argue for their normative theory by claiming that their view matches our moral convictions just as well as a pluralist set of Rossian duties. As an additional advantage, rule-consequentialism offers a unifying justification for these duties. I challenge the first part of the ruleconsequentialist argument and show that Rossian duties match our moral convictions better than the rule-consequentialist principles. I ask the rule-consequentialists a simple question. In the case that circumstances change, is the wrongness of acts determined by the ideal principles for the earlier circumstances or by the ideal ones for the new circumstances? I argue that whichever answer the rule-consequentialists give the view leads to normative conclusions that conflict with our moral intuitions. Because some set of Rossian duties can avoid similar problems, rule-consequentialism fails in the reflective equilibrium test advocated by the rule-consequentialists. 相似文献
98.
Claudia Card 《The Journal of Ethics》2007,11(1):1-29
It has been claimed that most of the world’s preventable suffering and death are caused not by terrorism but by poverty. That
claim, if true, could be hard to substantiate. For most terrorism is not publicly recognized as such, and it is far commoner
than paradigms of the usual suspects suggest. Everyday lives under oppressive regimes, in racist environments, and of women,
children, and elders everywhere who suffer violence in their homes offer instances of terrorisms that seldom capture public
attention. Or so this essay argues, through exploring two models of terrorism and the points of view highlighted by each. 相似文献
99.
考察了单个和两个源问题条件下大学生学科问题类比迁移的情况。实验1考察表面特性对学科问题迁移成绩的影响,以及个体的时间控制、解题策略。实验2考察两个源问题表面相似关系和思路归纳关系对迁移成绩的影响。结果表明:1)表面相似性对迁移成绩影响显著,同领域学科问题之间更容易迁移;2)依据表面和依据结构来激活源问题都是有效策略.源问题学习时间与迁移效果之间不存在显著关系;3)思路归纳对迁移成绩影响显著。 相似文献
100.
本文从社会历史、科学、文化、哲学以及研究者和学科层面,分析了我国心理学原创性缺失的原因。提出了面向中国传统文化和哲学,推进本土心理学的研究,强化我国科学技术的创新能力以及用涵化的方式处理引进与发展、创新的关系等策略,以提升我国心理学的原创性。 相似文献