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81.
Veli Mitova 《Metaphilosophy》2023,54(4):539-552
Epistemic risk is of central importance to epistemology nowadays: one common way in which a belief can fail to be knowledge is by being formed in an epistemically risky way, that is, a way that makes it true by luck. Recently, epistemologists have been expanding this rather narrow conception of risk in every direction, except arguably the most obvious one—to enable it to accommodate the increasingly commonplace thought that knowledge has an irreducibly social dimension. This paper fills this lacuna by bringing issues of epistemic injustice to bear on epistemic risk. In particular, it draws on the phenomenon of white ignorance, to sketch a more social notion of epistemic risk, on which the interests of one's epistemic community partly determine whether a belief-forming procedure is epistemically risky. 相似文献
82.
Aleksander Peczenik 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2000,3(3):273-302
Legal dogmatics in Continental European law (scientia iuris, Rechtswissenschaft) consists of professional legal writings whose task is to systematize and interpret valid law. Legal dogmatics pursues knowledge of the existing law, yet in many cases it leads to a change of the law. Among general theories of legal dogmatics, one may mention the theories of negligence, intent, adequate causation and ownership. The theories produce principles and they also produce defeasible rules. By means of production of general and defeasible theories, legal dogmatics aims at obtaining a system of law that is both internally coherent and harmonized with its background in morality and (political) philosophy. Legal dogmatics is necessary in the context of constitutional constraints on the majority rule. Only if the courts act on the basis of Reason they can be a legitimate counterpart of the majority rule. And Reason cannot be exhausted by particular decision making. It also needs a more abstract deliberation, given by expert jurists. However, legal dogmatics has been a target of several kinds of criticism: empirical, morally-political, epistemological, logical, and ontological. The position taken in this article is to answer such criticism by mutually adjusting philosophy and the practices of the law. 相似文献
83.
Active social communication is an effective way for infants to learn about the world. Do pre‐verbal and pre‐pointing infants seek epistemic information from their social partners when motivated to obtain information they cannot discover independently? The present study investigated whether 12‐month‐olds (N = 30) selectively seek information from knowledgeable adults in situations of referential uncertainty. In a live experiment, infants were introduced to two unfamiliar adults, an Informant (reliably labeling objects) and a Non‐Informant (equally socially engaging, but ignorant about object labels). At test, infants were asked to make an impossible choice—locate a novel referent among two novel objects. When facing epistemic uncertainty—but not at other phases of the procedure—infants selectively referred to the Informant rather than the Non‐Informant. These results show that pre‐verbal infants use social referencing to actively and selectively seek information from social partners as part of their interrogative communicative toolkit. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/23dLPsa-fAY 相似文献
84.
In the last few years, especially after the Brexit referendum and the 2016 U.S. elections, there has been a surge in academic interest for misinformation and disinformation. Social, cognitive, and political scientists' work on these phenomena has focused on two main aspects:
- Individuals' (and by extension societies') vulnerability to misinformation;
- Factors and interventions that can increase individuals' (and societies') resistance to misinformation.
85.
Rationalism in political philosophy is the view that politics should be governed by moral principles and that those principles
can and should be justified independently of the situations and circumstances that make up political reality. This traditional
view of political philosophy implies that the meaning of right political action is determined by moral principles the rational authority of which derives from abstract philosophical reasoning,
not from the situations and circumstances that are the substance of political reality. In this essay I argue that rationalist
moralities must presuppose the understanding of particular situations and circumstances for their meaningful and correct interpretation.
This means, I argue, that the rightness of political judgement and action is immanent in particular situations, not in abstract
moralities. And this, I argue, suggests a shift from the traditional view of political society as the embodiment of abstract
principles, towards a view of political society as the embodiment of the activity of situational judgement. A society worth hoping for, then, is one in which we can live in the light of our understanding
of the situations and circumstances that are the substance of everyday life, rather than in the shadow of abstract moralities.
Such a society would be sensitive to the particularities and complexities of political reality, but at the same time it does
not succumb to moral relativism and skepticism. 相似文献
86.
In The Law of Peoples John Rawls gives a list of eight principles for the law of peoples. I argue that the force of the principles depends in large
part upon their being lexically ordered, and I attempt such an ordering. However, the lexically ordered list makes it clear
that the duty of non-intervention obtains only after the duty to honor human rights is satisfied. Also, I point to certain
“practical” difficulties with intervention on behalf of human rights. Rawls writes that additional principles are needed,
and I make two suggestions. I conclude that the problems arising from intervention and the need for additional principles
show that the “second Original Position” is like the first Original Position: both involve, Rawls notwithstanding, the selection
and ordering of principles of justice. 相似文献
87.
Davis JK 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(1):1-30
Moral decision procedures such as principlism or casuistry require intuition at certain junctures, as when a principle seems
indeterminate, or principles conflict, or we wonder which paradigm case is most relevantly similar to the instant case. However,
intuitions are widely thought to lack epistemic justification, and many ethicists urge that such decision procedures dispense
with intuition in favor of forms of reasoning that provide discursive justification. I argue that discursive justification does not eliminate or minimize the need for intuition, or constrain our intuitions.
However, this is not a problem, for intuitions can be justified in easy or obvious cases, and decision procedures should be
understood as heuristic devices for reaching judgments about harder cases that approximate the justified intuitions we would
have about cases under ideal conditions, where hard cases become easy. Similarly, the forms of reasoning which provide discursive
justification help decision procedures perform this heuristic function not by avoiding intuition, but by making such heuristics
more accurate. Nonetheless, it is possible to demand too much justification; many clinical ethicists lack the time and philosophical
training to reach the more elaborate levels of discursive justification. We should keep moral decision procedures simple and
user-friendly so that they will provide what justification can be achieved under clinical conditions, rather than trying to maximize our epistemic justification out of an overstated concern
about intuition. 相似文献
88.
Aaro Toomela 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(1):75-82
Current mainstream psychology is characterized by mismatch between questions asked and methods used to answer the questions.
There are several important and theoretically justified methodological principles that can be found in pre-WWII (mostly continental
Europe) psychology, but disappeared from current mainstream psychology. Future psychology can be built with understanding
that not everything that is new is better than the old and not everything that disappeared in the history of psychology disappeared
for rational reasons. Methodological thinking of several pre-WWII psychologists may have been far ahead of current mainstream
psychology.
相似文献
Aaro ToomelaEmail: |
89.
JAMES A. MONTMARQUET 《Metaphilosophy》2007,38(1):71-87
Abstract: In this article I distinguish a type of justification that is “epistemic” in pertaining to the grounds of one's belief, and “practical” in its connection to what act(s) one may undertake, based on that belief. Such justification, on the proposed account, depends mainly on the proportioning of “inner epistemic virtue” to the “outer risks” implied by one's act. The resulting conception strikes a balance between the unduly moralistic conception of William Clifford and contemporary naturalist virtue theories. 相似文献
90.
Ted Poston 《Metaphilosophy》2014,45(2):182-191
This article develops a theory of reasons that has strong similarities to Peter Klein's infinitism. The view it develops, Framework Reasons, upholds Klein's principles of avoiding arbitrariness (PAA) and avoiding circularity (PAC) without requiring an infinite regress of reasons. A view of reasons that holds that the “reason for” relation is constrained by PAA and that PAC can avoid an infinite regress if the “reason for” relation is contextual. Moreover, such a view of reasons can maintain that skepticism is false by the maintaining that there is more to epistemic justification than can be expressed in any reasoning session. One crucial argument for Framework Reasons is that justification depends on a background of plausibility considerations. The final section of the article applies this view of reasons to Michael Bergmann's argument that any nonskeptical epistemology must embrace epistemic circularity. 相似文献