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221.
In this paper, the authors discuss Frege's theory of logical objects (extensions, numbers, truth-values) and the recent attempts to rehabilitate it. We show that the eta relation George Boolos deployed on Frege's behalf is similar, if not identical, to the encoding mode of predication that underlies the theory of abstract objects. Whereas Boolos accepted unrestricted Comprehension for Properties and used the eta relation to assert the existence of logical objects under certain highly restricted conditions, the theory of abstract objects uses unrestricted Comprehension for Logical Objects and banishes encoding (eta) formulas from Comprehension for Properties. The relative mathematical and philosophical strengths of the two theories are discussed. Along the way, new results in the theory of abstract objects are described, involving: (a) the theory of extensions, (b) the theory of directions and shapes, and (c) the theory of truth values. 相似文献
222.
Work involvement (psychological identification with work in general) has generally been considered as a stable, dispositional characteristic, although some studies of unemployment have contradicted this view. Using longitudinal data from a Swedish representative sample (n= 888), this study examines employment status change (e.g. from work to unemployment) and work values development in a 15-month time period. Furthermore, the relationship between employment status change and well-being is explored, with a special focus on the roles played by work values and gender differences. Results indicated that work values are fairly stable over 15 months. As expected, the long-term unemployed (mostly active job seekers) had higher measures of work involvement after 15 months. Further, no gender difference was found with regard to work involvement but females were more likely to agree that there is an entitlement to work. Becoming unemployed was associated with negative health effects, but only among unemployed men. 相似文献
223.
文章以遗传论、精神动力论、学习论、特质论、社会文化及认知一情感系统理论为基础。利用系统科学中的系统论观点,对人格理论进行系统发展观分析。该观点将人格看作一个复杂的“大”系统,它包括外部系统和内部系统两部分。外部系统即外环境系统,内部系统则分为个体心理系统和个体行为系统,其核心是个体心理系统,它由认识系统、情意系统、自我系统及需要系统构成。人格的形成是内外两个系统相互作用、循环运动的结果。 相似文献
224.
Anders Nelson 《Sex roles》2005,52(1-2):93-102
The aim of this study was to describe and analyze differences between girls and boys toy collections in a country that strongly emphasizes gender equality (Sweden). The study was based on the assumptions that toy collections reflect social values in the society where they are found and that Sweden has less gendered values than do many other countries. The toy collections of 152 3- and 5-year old Swedish children were inventoried, and the results were analyzed and discussed in relation to previous research on childrens toy collections and toy preferences in North America and Western Europe. The Swedish toy collections were found to be gender-typed in ways similar to those reported in previous research in other countries. 相似文献
225.
Ardila A 《Neuropsychology review》2005,15(4):185-195
It is proposed that culture (values, beliefs, styles of behavior) can affect neuropsychological testing.Cognitive testing
represents a social situation that-as any social situation, it is one governed by implicit cultural rules. At least eight
different culture-dependent values underlie cognitive testing: (1)One-to-one relationship, (2) Background authority, (3) Best
performance, (4)Isolated environment (5) Special type of communication, (6) Speed, (7) Internal or subjective issues, and
(8) The use of specific testing elements and strategies. In addition, it is proposed that“the distance” (e.g., gender, age,
ethnicity) between the examiner and the examinee may potentiallyimpact the testing situation. A special analysis regarding
the function of instruction in cognitive tests is also presented emphasizing that test instruction interpretation is also
culture-dependent. Some potential avenues of research are finally proposed. 相似文献
226.
The current study describes an assessment sequence that may be used to identify individualized, effective, and preferred interventions for severe problem behavior in lieu of relying on a restricted set of treatment options that are assumed to be in the best interest of consumers. The relative effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) with and without a punishment component was evaluated with 2 children for whom functional analyses demonstrated behavioral maintenance via social positive reinforcement. The results showed that FCT plus punishment was more effective than FCT in reducing problem behavior. Subsequently, participants' relative preference for each treatment was evaluated in a concurrent-chains arrangement, and both participants demonstrated a dear preference for FCT with punishment. These findings suggest that the treatment-selection process may be guided by person-centered and evidence-based values. 相似文献
227.
Schizophrenia: An Update and Review 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Austin J 《Journal of genetic counseling》2005,14(5):329-340
Schizophrenia is a common complex disorder characterized by psychosis, cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms, whose
etiology involves interactions between both genetic and environmental vulnerability factors. Recently, ongoing research attempting
to elucidate the nature of these vulnerability factors has been generating exciting findings. The advances in understanding
of environmental risk factors for mental illnesses and in genetic research into mental illnesses will be reviewed. Limitations
of the findings and implications of these advances for genetic counseling practice will also be discussed. 相似文献
228.
Ascher W 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(3):437-455
Science can reinforce the healthy aspects of the politics of the policy process, to identify and further the public interest
by discrediting policy options serving only special interests and helping to select among “science-confident” and “hedging”
options. To do so, scientists must learn how to manage and communicate the degree of uncertainty in scientific understanding
and prediction, lest uncertainty be manipulated to discredit science or to justify inaction. For natural resource and environmental
policy, the institutional interests of government agencies, as well as private interests, pose challenges of suppression,
over-simplification, or distortion of scientific information. Scientists can combat these maneuvers, but must also look inward
to ensure that their own special interests do not undermine the usefulness of science. 相似文献
229.
230.
Deborah G. Johnson PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(4):445-461
In this paper I use the concept of forbidden knowledge to explore questions about putting limits on science. Science has generally been understood to seek and produce objective truth, and this understanding of science has grounded its claim to freedom of inquiry. What happens to decision making about science when this claim to objective, disinterested truth is rejected? There are two changes that must be made to update the idea of forbidden knowledge for modern science. The first is to shift from presuming that decisions to constrain or even forbid knowledge can be made from a position of omniscience (perfect knowledge) to recognizing that such decisions made by human beings are made from a position of limited or partial knowledge. The second is to reject the idea that knowledge is objective and disinterested and accept that knowledge (even scientific knowledge) is interested. In particular, choices about what knowledge gets created are normative, value choices. When these two changes are made to the idea of forbidden knowledge, questions about limiting or forbidding lines of inquiry are shown to distract attention from the more important matters of who makes and how decisions are made about what knowledge is produced. Much more attention should be focused on choosing directions in science, and as this is done, the matter of whether constraints should be placed on science will fall into place. 相似文献