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91.
Katharine Rieke Lawson Gerald Turkewitz Meridith Platt Cecelia McCarton 《Infant behavior & development》1985,8(3):269-281
Two neonatal intensive care units (NICU) were observed every 15 minutes for at least 72 consecutive hours. Although infants on both NICUs were exposed to considerable amounts of stimulation, there were differences between the units for each environmental measure in the amount of stimulation and/or the pattern of circadian periodicity. The two NICUs also differed in the amount of time infants spent in various states and in the pattern of state periodicity. In general, the diurnal rhythms of the infant states were associated with the diurnal rhythms of different environmental events; furthermore, the patterns of association were not the same on the two NICUs. The results point to potential problems in depicting a “typical” NICU. More importantly, they suggest that the environmental of NICUs has a recognizable influence on aspects of their inhabitants' behavior and that the nature of influence is different from NICU to NICU. The effects are potentially significant for physical, social, and cognitive development. 相似文献
92.
Thirsty rats licked two metal tubes: a water tube paired with another water tube, with saccharin, or with a dry tube. For each pair, a multipoint baseline function was measured by offering free access to one tube throughout each session, and free or restricted access to the other. The three resulting baseline functions showed the members of each pair to be mutual substitutes: When access to either tube was restricted, the rats made more licks at the other. A linear function identified the two water tubes as perfect substitutes. Convex functions identified the members of the saccharin-water and the dry-water pair as imperfect substitutes. Each pair was also tested under several reciprocal fixed-ratio schedules that required instrumental licking of either tube for contingent access to the other. The resulting schedule functions showed the members of each pair to be perfect substitutes: Water licks decreased linearly as licks at the other water tube, the saccharin, or the dry tube increased, in agreement with a conservation model of instrumental performance. Baseline and schedule functions, indistinguishable in the water-water pair, indicated a schedule facilitation of dry-tube licking in the dry-water pair and of water-tube licking in the saccharin-water pair. 相似文献
93.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personal and Rhythmic‐Motor‐Activity Tempo in Children: A Twin Study
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In this study, we investigated the degree to which genetics and environmental factors influence the tempo and tempo stability of rhythmic motor activity in young children, using a twin study design. A total of 116 twin children, aged 4 years, were asked to strike two small clash cymbals together in a cyclical manner, in three phases. In the first phase, children were asked to maintain a comfortable personal tempo of rhythmic motor activity (spontaneous motor phase). In contrast, in the other phases, children were required to synchronize rhythmic motor activity in response to the timing of a stimulus tone, or a memorized tempo. Large additive genetic, although negligible shared environmental influences, were observed in the spontaneous motor phase. However, environmental factors were estimated in the other two phases, while the additive genetic factor was nearly zero. These results indicate that the extent of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in rhythmic motor activity can be modulated under different situations. 相似文献
94.
Predictors of childhood trajectories of overt and indirect aggression: An interdisciplinary approach
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95.
María-Dolores Calero 《Estudios de Psicología》2018,39(2-3):207-224
AbstractThe construct of successful ageing appears in the sixties, with a focus on physiological factors. However, its definition progressively develops into a more multidisciplinary construct and begins to include psychological, psychosocial and environmental factors; today, all these aspects are seen as essential to its study. In this monograph devoted to successful ageing, both this work and those that appear beside it aim to highlight the different areas of research that have been forged — mainly from psychology but also, in certain cases, together with associated disciplines — to try to outline a comprehensive model of ageing with the ultimate goal of creating intervention tools to foster successful ageing. Thus, this issue analyses the roles played by the Mediterranean diet, resilience, training programmes and training caregivers, among others, as explored by different experts in the area in an attempt to unveil the keys to ageing successfully from a psychosocial perspective. 相似文献
96.
Specific Life Events and Chronic Experiences Differentially Associated with Depression and Anxiety in Young Twins 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Behavioral genetic analyses indicate that environmental influences associated with depression and anxiety are specific to each symptom type; however, this has not been tested specifically in children. Sixty-one (61) child twin pairs in which at least one twin had a very high anxiety or depression score, and 29 nonanxious, nondepressed pairs were interviewed about life events and chronic stressors in the previous 12 months. Loss events, schoolwork stressors, family relationship problems, and friendship problems were all significantly associated with depression but not anxiety. Threat events were significantly associated with anxiety but not depression. Loss events and schoolwork stressors appeared to act as shared environment influences in that they made twin pairs resemble one another. Threat events, friendship problems, and family relationship problems were individual specific and accounted for differences within the pairs. These results clarify the associations between life events and depressive and anxious symptoms in children and adolescents and reveal specific associations previously unidentified in this age range. 相似文献
97.
文章以遗传论、精神动力论、学习论、特质论、社会文化及认知一情感系统理论为基础。利用系统科学中的系统论观点,对人格理论进行系统发展观分析。该观点将人格看作一个复杂的“大”系统,它包括外部系统和内部系统两部分。外部系统即外环境系统,内部系统则分为个体心理系统和个体行为系统,其核心是个体心理系统,它由认识系统、情意系统、自我系统及需要系统构成。人格的形成是内外两个系统相互作用、循环运动的结果。 相似文献
98.
Schizophrenia: An Update and Review 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Austin J 《Journal of genetic counseling》2005,14(5):329-340
Schizophrenia is a common complex disorder characterized by psychosis, cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms, whose
etiology involves interactions between both genetic and environmental vulnerability factors. Recently, ongoing research attempting
to elucidate the nature of these vulnerability factors has been generating exciting findings. The advances in understanding
of environmental risk factors for mental illnesses and in genetic research into mental illnesses will be reviewed. Limitations
of the findings and implications of these advances for genetic counseling practice will also be discussed. 相似文献
99.
Ascher W 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(3):437-455
Science can reinforce the healthy aspects of the politics of the policy process, to identify and further the public interest
by discrediting policy options serving only special interests and helping to select among “science-confident” and “hedging”
options. To do so, scientists must learn how to manage and communicate the degree of uncertainty in scientific understanding
and prediction, lest uncertainty be manipulated to discredit science or to justify inaction. For natural resource and environmental
policy, the institutional interests of government agencies, as well as private interests, pose challenges of suppression,
over-simplification, or distortion of scientific information. Scientists can combat these maneuvers, but must also look inward
to ensure that their own special interests do not undermine the usefulness of science. 相似文献
100.