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101.
WILLIAM RAMSEY 《Metaphilosophy》2006,37(1):53-73
A popular argument supporting functionalism has been what is commonly called the “multiple realizability” argument. One version of this argument uses thought experiments designed to show that minds could be composed of different types of material. This article offers a metaphilosophical analysis of this argument and shows that it fails to provide a strong case for functionalism. The multiple realizability argument is best understood as an inference‐to‐the‐best‐explanation argument, whereby a functionalist account of our mental concepts serves to explain our multiple realizability intuitions. I show that the argument is inadequate because alternative accounts of our mental concepts exist that provide equally plausible explanations for these intuitions. Moreover, in the case of our qualia concepts, a nonfunctionalist account explains several other intuitions that functionalism cannot explain. Thus, despite its popularity, the intuition‐based version of the multiple realizability argument is a poor reason for accepting functionalism. 相似文献
102.
Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover 《Studies in East European Thought》2006,58(3):205-238
Mamardašvili’s ‘classical’ paradigm of knowledge is seen to be minimally based on extrapolations from Descartes’ classical
philosophy to which Mamardašvili attributes features that rather anticipate his own post-classical ontology. The latter is
oriented towards the primacy of perception as a subjective process, in which the self-conscious subject constructs the world,
not as illusion, but as a ‘picture’ or ‘model’ (Wittgenstein’s Bild). By examining Mamardašvili’s definition of the ‘phenomenon’ against the␣background of Husserl’s ‘reduction’, Wittgenstein’s
‘object’ and the Freudian and post-structuralist psychoanalytic model of subjectivity, the paper arrives at the inference
that Mamardašvili is essentially a post-Structuralist thinker who appropriates concepts from various critical and philosophical
disciplines to construct his own multi-disciplinary theory of consciousness and perception. 相似文献
103.
Computerized adaptive testing under nonparametric IRT models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nonparametric item response models have been developed as alternatives to the relatively inflexible parametric item response
models. An open question is whether it is possible and practical to administer computerized adaptive testing with nonparametric
models. This paper explores the possibility of computerized adaptive testing when using nonparametric item response models.
A central issue is that the derivatives of item characteristic Curves may not be estimated well, which eliminates the availability
of the standard maximum Fisher information criterion. As alternatives, procedures based on Shannon entropy and Kullback–Leibler
information are proposed. For a long test, these procedures, which do not require the derivatives of the item characteristic
eurves, become equivalent to the maximum Fisher information criterion. A simulation study is conducted to study the behavior
of these two procedures, compared with random item selection. The study shows that the procedures based on Shannon entropy
and Kullback–Leibler information perform similarly in terms of root mean square error, and perform much better than random
item selection. The study also shows that item exposure rates need to be addressed for these methods to be practical.
The authors would like to thank Hua Chang for his help in conducting this research. 相似文献
104.
Low well-being is common among Chinese pregnant women but few effective interventions currently exist to improve prenatal stress and negative emotions. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been proved to be effective in reducing stress and rarely studies were focused on Chinese pregnant women. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the effects of 8-week MBSR on prenatal stress, anxiety and depression among Chinese pregnant women. A sample of 66 pregnant women randomly allocated into either the MBSR group (n=34) or the control group (n=32). Participants in the MBSR group received a group 8-week, 90-min each time intervention. The results found a significant interaction between time and condition for prenatal stress (F=45.51, p<0.001, η 2=0.427), anxiety (F=19.30, p<0.001, η 2=0.240), while depression showed no time-by-group interaction (F=0.29, p=0.589, η 2=0.005). As for the sub-scale of state anxiety, while there was only no time effect (F=3.68, p=0.060, η 2=0.057). The findings of this study preliminary indicated effects of the MBSR intervention on self-reported prenatal stress and anxiety in comparison to a treatment-as-usual control. Effect on depression was not observed may due to the low level of depression of participants. This study provides preliminary evidence that MBSR is suitable for Chinese pregnant women and be effective in decreasing prenatal stress, anxiety. 相似文献
105.
Jed A. Diekfuss Christopher K. Rhea Randy J. Schmitz Dustin R. Grooms Robin W. Wilkins Alexis B. Slutsky 《Journal of motor behavior》2019,51(3):281-292
This study examined the training effect of attentional focus (external focus, internal focus, or no focus instructions) on a dynamic balance task. Participants completed baseline balance testing, seven consecutive days of dynamic balance board training, and retention testing 24 hours after the last session. The novel finding of this study was the presence of a training effect on balance control when adopting an external focus relative to an internal focus or no focus instructions. Further, we report the unique observation that more patterned behavior was adopted regardless of the focus instructions. These findings provide insight into how instructions can be altered to enhance human balance control and complement the constrained-action hypothesis. 相似文献
106.
Ruy J. G. B. de Queiroz 《Studia Logica》2008,90(2):211-247
The intention here is that of giving a formal underpinning to the idea of ‘meaning-is-use’ which, even if based on proofs,
it is rather different from proof-theoretic semantics as in the Dummett–Prawitz tradition. Instead, it is based on the idea
that the meaning of logical constants are given by the explanation of immediate consequences, which in formalistic terms means
the effect of elimination rules on the result of introduction rules, i.e. the so-called reduction rules. For that we suggest
an extension to the Curry– Howard interpretation which draws on the idea of labelled deduction, and brings back Frege’s device
of variable-abstraction to operate on the labels (i.e., proof-terms) alongside formulas of predicate logic.
Presented by Heinrich Wansing 相似文献
107.
We investigate uncertain reasoning with quantified sentencesof the predicate calculus treated as the limiting case of maximumentropy inference applied to finite domains. 相似文献
108.
Those found liable for negligently injuring others are required to compensate them, but current practices permit most tort
feasors to spread the costs of their liability burdens through the purchase of insurance. Those found guilty of criminal offences,
however, are not allowed to shift the burdens of their sentences onto others. Yet the reasons for not allowing criminal offenders
to shift such burdens – harm reduction, retribution, and moral education – also appear to retain some force in relation to
negligent tort feasors. Arguments for and against limiting the abilities of negligent tort feasors to spread such costs, thus
imposing a penalty on them, are discussed. The conclusion reached is that further consideration of such a penalty is warranted.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
109.
Robert I. Jennrich 《Psychometrika》2004,69(2):257-273
Component loss functions (CLFs) are used to generalize the quartimax criterion for orthogonal rotation in factor analysis. These replace the fourth powers of the factor loadings by an arbitrary function of the second powers. Criteria of this form were introduced by a number of authors, primarily Katz and Rohlf (1974) and Rozeboom (1991), but there has been essentially no follow-up to this work. A method so simple, natural, and general deserves to be investigated more completely. A number of theoretical results are derived including the fact that any method using a concave CLF will recover perfect simple structure whenever it exists, and there are methods that will recover Thurstone simple structure whenever it exists. Specific CLFs are identified and it is shown how to compare these using standardized plots. Numerical examples are used to illustrate and compare CLF and other methods. Sorted absolute loading plots are introduced to aid in comparing results and setting parameters for methods that require them.The author is very indebted to a reviewer for pointing him to the generalized hyperplane count literature and to all the reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions. 相似文献
110.
Practice not only affects how information is processed, but also which information is processed. The Information-Reduction
Hypothesis (i.e. Haider & Frensch, 1996) holds that — with practice — irrelevant task information (i.e. information that is
not logically needed to correctly perform the task) is discarded from processing. Recently, Gaschler and Frensch (2007) have
demonstrated that Information Reduction is not affected by the frequency with which individual task configurations are presented:
well-practiced and little-practiced irrelevant task configurations are discarded at the same point in time during practice;
Information Reduction is thus an item-general phenomenon. These findings suggest that Information Reduction is at least in
part a consequence of top-down, voluntary control. In the present research, we ask how tasks can be constructed such that
Information Reduction is avoided. Our results show that item-general Information Reduction is observed even when it leads
to severe processing costs (i.e. errors). On the whole, the present results are in line with models of skill acquisition incorporating
top-down modulation (e.g. Haider & Frensch, 2002) and are incompatible with purely data-driven accounts of skill acquisition
(e.g. Logan, 1988; Nosofski & Palmeri, 1997; Palmeri, 1997; Rickard, 2004). 相似文献