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131.
Transzendentalpragmatik und Diskursethik. Elemente und Perspektiven der Apelschen Diskursphilosophie
Dietrich Böhler 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2003,34(2):221-249
Transcendental Pragmatics and Discourse Ethics. Elements and Perspectives of Apel's Discourse-Philosophy. The author follows Apel's intellectual biography and shows the conception of a critique of meaning qua ‘reflection upon the discourse within the discourse’ to be the centre of Apel's language-pragmatic ‘Transformation of Philosophy’ (Frankfurt a.M. 1973). Beginning
with an explication of the situation of a speaker/thinker, especially of the situation of a philosophising speaker/thinker,
Apel reconstructs a two fold apriori of communication: Every thought is situated within the context of a particular, historically
evolved, community of language and interaction. At the same time, however, the validity-claims of thoughts transcend the context
of their origin towards an unlimited community of argumentation. On the basis of the first apriori Apel criticises the methodical
solipsism as well as the objectivism of modern philosophy and theory of science. Drawing upon the second apriori he develops
a universalist critique of meaning of relativism and contextualism. In the sixties and seventies Apel worked out a differentiated
theory of the – more or less – communicatively cognizing humanities and set it apart from the theory of the causal-explanatory
natural sciences, thus challenging the objectivism of a Theory of Unified Science. Building upon this work Transcendental
Pragmatics, as developed by Apel and others, sets philosophy primarily two tasks: firstly, a (fallible) internal reconstruction of argumentative discourse as the (logical) situation of speech and thought which seeks to elucidate the conditions of the
meaningfulness, i. e. the presuppositions, of discourse. These presuppositions comprise, thus Apel with Habermas, the four
validity-claims to intelligibility, sincerety/credibility, truth and normative rightness/legitimacy. Their moral content consists,
thus Apel, not only in the recognition of the equality of all beings capable of discursive reasoning but also in their recognition
of a co-responsibility for the realizability of discourses and of responsibility. The author argues that the existence of
a co-responsibility of this kind is indisputable because the discursive claims to validity are intertwined with a set of ‘primordial
promises of dialogue’. Only with the elucidation and explication of these promises can the reconstruction of the internal
conditions of discourse be completed.The second task of a pragmatics of argumentation isthe strict resp. actual reflection of the thinker upon the presuppositions of the discourse in which he currently engages. This reflection has a Socratic character
and can only be done in the form of discussion and debate (‘Auseinandersetzungen’, Apel, Frankfurt a.M. 1998) with critics
of the reconstruction. In this context, the author proposes a method of Socratic reflection upon the presuppositions of dialogue
which suspends the usual, theoretically oriented, attitude of the scientist and the philosopher in favour of an actual reflective attitude. Within a dialogue with a sceptic who doubts one of the results of the internal reconstruction of dialogical presuppositions,
say X, it is tested whether his doubt as to the unrestricted validity of X can be understood as a sincere contribution to
the current dialogue or whether this particular sceptical thesis does not make sense, because it is incompatible with the
role of a sincere participant of argumentation which, after all, the sceptic cannot refuse to claim for himself.Finally the
author explains Apel's characterization of the tension between “Discourse and Responsibility” (Frankfurt a.M. 1988). In the
course of discussions with Max Weber, Lawrence Kohlberg, Hans Jonas et al., Apel formulates and justifies an ethics of responsibility and gives an affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether
the fulfilment of the moral obligations connected with the recognition of co-responsibility can be demanded within the non-dialogical
circumstances of social reality. Apel's answer employs the idea of counter-strategies which are morally legitimate in virtue
of their being worthy of argumentative consensus.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
132.
医学人文运动与知识考古--中国人文医学的战略与策略 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
后现代理论影响和刺激了医学人文学,医学人文学学科意义与价值更加显明,医学需要人文学,人文学需要医学,医务人员迫切需要人文医学教育。经济发展、高新生命科学技术入驻世俗生活、医学模式转变、医疗改革与价值论哲学影响,这五大因素构成中国医学人文运动的背景;中国医学人文运动正在兴起。研究医学人文学的知识背景对制订人文医学战略与策略有重要意义。 相似文献
133.
James J. Burkitt Raoul M. Bongers Digby Elliott Steve Hansen James L. Lyons 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(2):129-140
Energy optimization in goal-directed aiming has been demonstrated as an undershoot bias in primary movement endpoint locations, especially in conditions where corrections to target overshoots must be made against gravity. Two-component models of upper limb movement have not yet considered how joint angles are organized to deal with the energy constraints associated with moving the upper limb in goal-directed aiming tasks. To address this limitation, participants performed aiming movements to targets in the up and down directions with the index finger and two types of rod extensions attached to the index finger. The rod extensions were expected to invoke different energy optimizing strategies in the up and down directions by allowing the distal joints the opportunity to contribute to end effector displacement. Primary movements undershot the farthest target to a greater extent in the downward direction compared to the upward direction, showing that movement kinematics optimize energy expenditure in consideration of the effects of gravity. As rod length increased, shoulder elevation was optimized in movements to the far-up target and elbow flexion was optimally minimized in movements to the far-down target. The results suggest energy optimization in the control of joint angles independent of the force of gravity. 相似文献
134.
Lianwen Wang 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2017,97(8):328-334
Comparative analyses of the crystal nucleation method and the melting point depression (MPD) method for measuring the solid–liquid interface energy γsl are carried out. The MPD method is found more reliable and has several advantages from experiment through data analysis to theoretical generalisation. The MPD data in use, all reported before the 1970s, are updated with the derived γsl re-compiled. Finally, by invoking a melting model that we developed recently, an equation for calculating γsl is proposed on basis of the melting point depression method. 相似文献
135.
Regina E. Fabry 《Philosophical Psychology》2017,30(4):395-414
In a recent paper, Jakob Hohwy argues that the emerging predictive processing (PP) perspective on cognition requires us to explain cognitive functioning in purely internalistic and neurocentric terms. The purpose of the present paper is to challenge the view that PP entails a wholesale rejection of positions that are interested in the embodied, embedded, extended, or enactive dimensions of cognitive processes. I will argue that Hohwy’s argument from analogy, which forces an evidentiary boundary into the picture, lacks the argumentative resources to make a convincing case for the conceptual necessity to interpret PP in solely internalistic terms. For this reason, I will reconsider the postulation and explanatory role of the evidentiary boundary. I will arrive at an account of prediction error minimization and its foundation on the free energy principle that is fully consistent with approaches to cognition that emphasize the embodied and interactive properties of cognitive processes. This gives rise to the suggestion that explanatory pluralism about the application of PP is to be preferred over Hohwy’s explanatory monism that follows from his internalistic and neurocentric view of predictive cognitive systems. 相似文献
136.
137.
医学阐释学--医学哲学研究新视角 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
医学阐释学是哲学阐释学在医学领域的应用,是医学与哲学交叉的一个新领域.简述哲学阐释学的发展以及其主要观点,并集中讨论了医学阐释学研究的范畴,其中包括:人体的现象学、健康和病患的意义、医患关系、生命伦理学、医学的目的.指出医学阐释学对医学哲学、医学人文科学研究的影响. 相似文献
138.
高等医学院校人文课程体系的构建与建议 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13
刘俊荣 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2006,27(1):41-43
人文课程应成为医学教育课程体系的有机组成部分,需要遵循突出重点、主辅相承等构建原则.建议将人文课程按照不同的课程模块进行设置,制定具体的实施措施和计划. 相似文献
139.
Will C. van den Hoonaard 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2006,4(1-4):1-10
This article constitutes the introduction to a collection of essays in volume 4 of JAE, representing an extremely diverse collection of pieces written by authors from equally diverse backgrounds with the purpose
of sharing the theoretical and practical issues related to research-ethics, or on ethics more generally. All of the articles
are fresh contributions to the research-ethics review debate. The 17 authors of the 12 articles come from the United States,
South Africa, and Canada. Their disciplinary or research backgrounds include Aboriginal literatures, English literature, English-as-a
Second-Language pedagogy, French literature, history, language and literacy, liberal arts, and linguistics – all fields in
the cluster of the humanities. The volume also has contributions from social work, sociology, and speech pathology. The world
of research-ethics review has become so pervasive that it invades all areas of research: it does not respect disciplinary
boundaries. The articles in this special volume represent, in short, a microscope of the research world. 相似文献
140.
Sally J. Goerner 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2019,75(3):135-162
We live in a head-spinning, gut-wrenching time of multiplying crises. At home we face outsourced jobs, crumbling cities, underpaid teachers, unaffordable healthcare, endless wars, political corruption, a co-opted corporate media, skyrocketing inequality, and public “austerity” measures whose main purpose is to make tax-breaks for the rich more affordable. Working-class stagnation is producing widespread anxiety, mounting debt, and “despair deaths” from opioid abuse. Fear is fueling populist outrage, along with extremism, authoritarianism, and the conditions for a fascist takeover. Meanwhile, climate change poses an existential threat to humanity itself. All of these calamities spring from the same root cause: an oligarchic capitalism that puts short-term profit for owners over people and planet. While this system seems immutable, upheavals from Occupy Wall Street to the rise of right-wing populism signal a backlash to a political–economic establishment that treats people and planet as resources to be pillaged and expenses to be minimized. Its failures have also been driving the development of new possibilities in the form of more systemic approaches. Still, while systems thinking has improved approaches in fields from agriculture to medicine, so far none of these reforms have been able to channel public frustration into true transformation because none addresses the root problem: oligarchy. The science of systemic vitality we need is also being born, but so far, its findings are diffuse. This article shows how the science of energy systems can galvanize today’s economic reformation by articulating the common sense rules and rigorous measures of systemic vitality, while anchoring them in an evidence-based vision of humanity as a collaborative learning species. The result is a practical path to building systemic socioeconomic vitality by revitalizing human networks, energizing collective learning, and clarifying why oligarchic capitalism is a distortion of our original democratic free-enterprise dream, which is now careening toward collapse. 相似文献