荀子“正名”伦理思想的元语言学分析

荀子的"正名"理论蕴涵着深刻的语言学和伦理学思想,二者密不可分。从元语言学入手分析,会发现荀子的对象域建立于认识论和人性论的形上基础,而元语言和对象语言依据着形下的方法论原则。但归根结底,是形上的依据影响了形下的依据。异于西方分析伦理学家,荀子对形上依据存而不论,并不试图用形下的语言理论去解释形上问题。根据这两条泾渭分明的依据,荀子建立起了以元语言分析为基础的伦理体系。     

视觉信息分布调节信息整合策略：来自眼动的证据

以空白单元格定位为实验任务,操纵序列点阵的分布,考察视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合机制。实验一发现任务正确率与点阵1的圆点数呈近似U形关系。实验二发现在拐点前后被试的眼动模式从偏向于注视圆点位置转为偏向于注视空格位置。因此,视觉信息的分布模式调节整合策略,当处于视觉短时记忆中的圆点数在其容量之内时,采用图像—知觉整合策略,反之,则采用转换—比较策略。     

牟宗三先生名字义蕴辨正

本文不同意蔡仁厚把"三"释为三才、三光、三教等,认为"三"有明确性,且传达着尚中和的儒家意识;反对将"离中"解成"中宜离以显其用",认为"离中"即附丽中道.进而提出"三"为<离>卦之数,"离中"则源于<离>六二爻,牟宗三的名字寄予着对德业双修的期望--如丽(离)中天的事业,中正美好的德行.     

视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合

与知觉整合和跨眼跳的信息整合一样,视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合也是人们加工并保持整体性场景知觉的重要前提条件。近年来研究者们使用空白单元格定位任务进行了一些研究,试图寻求视觉短时记忆与视知觉信息整合的实验证据并探讨其整合机制。该文对已有的相关实验范式、实验证据和整合机制进行了介绍并加以分析,并指出未来研究可以在行为数据的基础上结合眼动和脑成像的数据寻求汇聚性证据     

A pragmatic defense of Millianism

A new kind of defense of the Millian theory of names is given, which explains intuitive counter-examples as depending on pragmatic effects of the relevant sentences, by direct application of Grice’s and Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory and uncontroversial assumptions. I begin by arguing that synonyms are always intersubstitutable, despite Mates’ considerations, and then apply the method to names. Then, a fairly large sample of cases concerning names are dealt with in related ways. It is argued that the method, as applied to the various cases, satisfies the criterion of success: that for every sentence in context, it is a counter-example to Millianism to the extent that it has pragmatic effects (matching speakers’ intuitions).     

When seeing is not believing: A critique of priest's argument from perception

In this paper I critically examine an argument proposed by Graham Priest in support of the claim that the observable world is consistent. According to this argument we have good reason to think that the observable world is consistent, specifically we perceive it to be consistent. I critique this argument on two fronts. First, Priest appears to reason from the claim ‘we know what it is to have a contradictory perception’ to the claim ‘we know what it is to perceive a contradiction’. I argue that this inference fails to be valid. Secondly, I give reasons for thinking that if an observable state of affairs were to be contradictory, we would perceive it to be consistent. As such that the world we observe appears consistent does not constitute evidence that it is in fact consistent. That we see a consistent world is no reason to believe that the world is consistent. I conclude the paper with some reflections on the implications of this analysis for the plausibility of trivialism.     

城乡空巢老人的亲子支持及其与抑郁的关系

采用老年人亲子支持问卷和流调中心用抑郁自评量表(CES-D),对196名老人进行问卷调查,考察城乡空巢老人亲子支持的特点及其与抑郁的关系.结果表明:(1)总体上,老人接受子女的社会支持与给予子女的社会支持差异不显著.(2)在接受子女支持上,服务支持最多,其次是情感和物质支持,非空巢与空巢老人,城市与农村老人均无差异.(3)而在给予子女支持上,情感和服务支持高于物质支持,非空巢与空巢老人无显著差异,而城市老人在各维度上均高于农村老人.(4)影响老人抑郁的亲子支持维度不同:对城市非空巢老人,给予子女的情感支持越多,抑郁水平越低;对城市空巢老人,给予子女的情感支持越多,物质支持越少,抑郁水平越低.农村非空巢老人接受子女的服务支持越多,抑郁水平越低;而对农村空巢老人,亲子支持可能不影响其抑郁.因此,为了提高老年人的心理健康水平,对待不同处境的老年人应采取不同的干预措施.     

Learning of letter names follows similar principles across languages: Evidence from Hebrew

Letter names play an important role in early literacy. Previous studies of letter name learning have examined the Latin alphabet. The current study tested learners of Hebrew, comparing their patterns of performance and types of errors with those of English learners. We analyzed letter-naming data from 645 Israeli children who had not begun formal reading instruction: a younger group (mean age 5 years 2 months) and an older group (mean age 6 years 2 months). Children's errors often involved letters with similar shapes or letters adjacent to one another in the alphabet. Most Hebrew letter names are not very similar to one another phonologically, and there were fewer phonologically based confusions than in English. We found both general frequency effects and frequency effects that reflected the letters in individual children's names. On average, girls knew more letter names than did boys. The results suggest that letter name learning follows similar principles across languages.     

Age of acquisition and the recognition of brand names: On the importance of being early

Research in cognitive psychology has shown that words, objects and faces learned early in life are recognized more fluently than similar items learned later. Experiment 1 shows that early acquired brand names are recognized more quickly than later acquired brands. Experiment 2 shows that the age of acquisition effect extends to accessing semantic knowledge about brands. In Experiment 3, older participants were faster at recognizing early learned brands that are now extinct than more recent, active brand names. Early surviving brands were recognized quickest of all. The significance of these effects for manufacturers and marketing are discussed.     

El,Baal, and Allah

This article compares the appropriations of the divine names El and Baal into the Yahwistic faith in ancient Israel with the Christian use of the word “Allah” in contemporary Indonesia. This study finds that, like El and Baal, “Allah” can function as both an appellative and personal name in contemporary Indonesia. However, the term “Allah” in Indonesia is at a crossroads to develop either to be more generic, like El, or to be more personal, like Baal. Learning from the peaceful appropriation of El as a generic name and the polemical appropriation of Baal as a personal name in ancient Israel, Indonesian Christians need to advocate the use of the name Allah as an appellative because it may prevent unnecessary conflicts in the Christian–Muslim relationship in Indonesia. Furthermore, the use of the common word “Allah” in Indonesia to refer to the supreme being is crucial for promoting interreligious dialogue between Islam and Christianity.