Power Politics and the Balance of Risk: Hypotheses on Great Power Intervention in the Periphery

Great powers frequently initiate risky diplomatic and military interventions in the periphery—regions that do not directly threaten the security of a great power's homeland. Such risky interventions are driven by leaders' aversion to losses in their state's relative power, international status, or prestige. These leaders often persist in such courses of action even when they incur mounting political, economic, and military costs. More surprisingly, they undertake risky strategies toward other great powers in an effort to continue these failing interventions. Hypotheses concerning such interventions are derived from the prospect theory and defensive realist literatures.     

预期如何影响人们对不愉快事件的体验?

本研究以味觉和痛觉两种感觉通道的体验为对象,探讨预期效价和预期信心如何影响知觉体验的结果及其作用机制。通过基于味觉和痛觉的两个实验,发现预期会影响即时知觉体验,并且预期信心在其中起到调节作用——对预期充满信心时,即时体验和对结果的预期保持一致,预期越积极即时体验越好,预期越消极即时体验越差;而对预期缺乏信心时,即时体验和预期之间呈现背离趋势,预期越积极即时体验越差,预期越消极即时体验则越好。研究结果阐明了预期影响即时体验的机制,对我们理解身心关系也具有重要的理论意义。     

预期追寻与社会进步关系的当代分析

该文在积极利用当代预期研究成果的基础上,以哲学的视角对预期概念的基本内容与基本特点做出了重新反思。同时,还重新阐释了恩格斯历史唯物主义观点中有关预期论述,并在这种新的阐释下,从预期追寻对于社会进步的重要性、影响力以及作用的有限性等三个方面,对预期追寻与社会进步之间的内在联系进行了有针对性的当代分析。     

Pupillometry reveals communication‐induced object expectations in 12‐ but not 8‐month‐old infants

Several interaction‐based and looking‐time studies suggest that 1‐year‐old infants understand the referential nature of deictic gestures. However, these studies have not unequivocally established that referential gestures induce object expectations in infants prior to encountering a referent object, and have thus remained amenable to simpler attentional highlighting interpretations. The current study tested whether nonlinguistic referential communication induces object expectations in infants by using a novel pupil dilation paradigm. In Experiment 1, 12‐month‐olds watched videos of a protagonist who either pointed communicatively toward an occluder in front of her or remained still. At test, the occluder opened to reveal one of two outcomes: an empty surface or a toy. Results showed that infants’ pupils were larger for the unexpected outcome of an empty surface following a point compared to the control condition (an empty surface following no point). These differences were not caused by differences in looking times or directions. In Experiment 2, an attention‐directing nonsocial control cue replaced the referential communication. The cue did direct 12‐month‐olds’ attention to the occluder, but it did not induce an object expectation. In Experiment 3, we tested 8‐month‐olds in the setting of Experiment 1. In contrast to 12‐month‐olds, 8‐month‐olds did not reveal object expectations following communication. Findings demonstrate that communicative pointing acts induce object expectations at 12 months of age, but not at 8 months of age, and that these expectations are specific to a referential‐communicative as opposed to an attention‐directing nonsocial cue.     

Expecting the initial glimpse: prior target knowledge activation or repeated search does not eliminate scene preview search benefits

A brief glimpse of a scene can guide eye movements but it remains unclear how prior target knowledge influences early scene processing. Using the ‘flash-preview moving window’ (FPMW) paradigm to restrict peripheral vision during search, we manipulated whether target identity was presented before or after previews. Windowed search was more efficient following 250?ms scene previews, and knowing target identity beforehand further improved how search was initiated and executed. However, in Experiment 2 when targets were removed from scene previews, only the initiation of search continued to be modulated by prior activation of target knowledge. Experiment 3 showed that search benefits from scene previews are maintained even when repeatedly searching through the same type of scene for the same type of target. Experiment 4 replicated Experiment 3 whilst also controlling for differences in integration times. We discuss the flexibility of the FPMW paradigm to measure how the first glimpse affects search.     

中小学生交往归因训练的研究

从普通学校选取小三、初二、高二各两个平行班的学生,采用等组对照设计,一为实验班,一为控制班。研究分前测验、教育干预、后测验三个阶段。结果发现：(1)归因训练可使学生的交往成败归因向积极方面转化。(2)归因训练可提高学生对未来交往成功的期望值。(3)短时间内的归因训练对高中生影响不大。     

顾客授权行为对员工职业成长的影响：自我决定理论视角

聚焦于顾客授权行为这一概念, 以自我决定理论为基础, 分别引入基于组织的自尊作为中介变量和职业中心性作为调节变量, 探讨了顾客授权行为对一线服务员工职业成长的影响机制和作用边界。通过一项三阶段的时间滞后研究设计, 获取了245份有效样本, 结果显示: (1)顾客授权行为对员工职业成长具有显著的正向影响; (2)基于组织的自尊在顾客授权行为与员工职业成长之间起着部分中介作用; (3)职业中心性对顾客授权行为与基于组织的自尊的作用关系具有正向调节作用: 当员工职业中心性水平较高时, 顾客授权行为对基于组织的自尊的正向影响更强; (4)职业中心性进一步调节顾客授权行为通过基于组织的自尊对职业成长的间接影响: 当员工职业中心性水平较高时, 顾客授权行为通过基于组织的自尊对职业成长的正向效应会增强。     

转换概率和词长期待对语音统计学习的影响

语音统计学习指个体在加工人工语言过程中, 可以追踪音节间的转换概率实现切分语流、提取词(语)的过程。本研究采用2(转换概率：高转换概率、低转换概率) × 2(词长期待：两音节、三音节)的混合实验设计来考察转换概率和词长期待对语音统计学习的影响, 转换概率是被试间变量, 词长期待是被试内变量。事后检验发现, 仅在低转换概率人工语言的三音节迫选条件下, 被试没有表现出显著的学习效果。事先对比发现, 在学习低转换概率的人工语言后, 被试完成三音节迫选试次的成绩显著低于两音节迫选试次; 在三音节迫选试次中, 学习低转换概率人工语言被试的成绩也显著低于学习高转换概率被试的成绩。以上结果说明, 转换概率和词长期待共同影响个体语音统计学习的效果。     

领导授权赋能与领导有效性的关系：基于元分析的检验

基于183项实证研究, 采用元分析法综合考察了领导授权赋能与领导有效性的关系, 包括个体工作态度与绩效(145个样本, 50509名员工)、团队绩效(47个样本, 4856个团队)和组织绩效(9个样本, 1090家企业)。结果表明：领导授权赋能与工作满意度、组织承诺和主观幸福感显著正相关, 与离职倾向、倦怠&压力显著负相关, 与个体(团队)绩效及其各维度显著正相关, 与反生产行为显著负相关, 但与组织绩效的正向关系不显著。其中, 主观幸福感、团队绩效、团队任务绩效的样本文献可能存在出版偏倚, 其元分析结果很可能被高估。在东西方差异上, 领导授权赋能与个体(团队)绩效、个体(团队)任务绩效的相关性均属东亚样本更强、欧美样本更弱, 而与个体(团队)创新绩效、个体(团队)关系绩效之间无显著差异。然而, 团队创新绩效的欧美样本和团队关系绩效的东亚样本仅1份, 故其东西方比较结果可能存在不稳定及不可靠性。此外, 领导授权赋能的量表、数据类型显著调节了领导授权赋能与个体绩效的关系, 行业类型的调节效应不显著。研究结果为领导授权赋能与领导有效性的研究给出了新的阶段性定论。     

Person-environment fit,job satisfaction and intentions to leave: The moderating effect of leader empowering behaviour

This study sought to determine the possible indirect effect of person-environment (PE) fit on intentions to leave via job satisfaction and the moderating effect of leader empowering behaviour on job satisfaction and intentions to leave the work organisation. Participants were 398 employees working for a retail company in Gauteng Province, South Africa (females = 68.6 %, blacks = 58 %; managerial = 5.8 %; age range = under 20 to 60 years +). They completed the Perceived Fit Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Turnover Intentions Scale, and the Leader Empowering Behaviour Questionnaire. Statistical mediation analysis (of PE on JS and IL), and moderation analysis (of LEB on JS and IL) were conducted. Results indicated that PE fit has an indirect effect on intentions to leave via job satisfaction. Leader empowering behaviour moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and intentions to leave. Low PE fit leads to job dissatisfaction and intentions to leave, therefore leaders should instil a sense of empowerment in employees to alleviate the impact of poor fit.