Structure versus process: Mach, Hertz, and the Normative Aspect of Science

In the end of the nineteenth century, there was a remarkable ‘empiricist attitude’ found among certain philosopher-scientists, an attitude which arguably emerged in the main as a reaction to the anti-scientific mood prevalent in the culture that time. Those philosopher-scientists, such as Mach and Hertz, were particularly anxious to emphasize and laud the privileged status of the empirical dimension ofour scientific knowledge, distinguishing it carefully from the theoretical constructions and hypothetical entities that are ordinarily posited by scientists. Yet, as I exhibit in this article, there were certain crucial philosophical differences between these two thinkers with respect to their general conception of scientific theories and scientific norms guiding the activity. I suggest further that the most central difference in this context between Mach and Hertz can justifiably (and, perhaps, more fruitfully) be articulated and reckoned in traditional andcontemporary epistemological terms. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高尿酸血症与急性脑梗死患者病情严重程度和预后的相关性研究

文章探讨高尿酸血症与急性脑梗死患者病情严重程度和预后的相关性.选择急性脑梗死患者198例,男性115例,女性83例,以前瞻性病例对照的研究方法,分析高尿酸血症与急性脑梗死患者入院时、住院10天时的病情严重程度和90天预后的相关性.高尿酸血症与急性脑梗死患者入院时病情严重程度无关（P＆gt;0.05）,与住院10天时病情严重程度呈负相关（P=0.003）,与10天时的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）转归分数呈正相关（P=0.002）,与90天预后呈正相关（P=0.001）.笔者认为高尿酸血症与急性脑梗死患者住院10天时的病情严重程度和90天预后具有独立的相关性.     

CHARLES LYELL,UNIFORMITARIANISM, AND INTERPRETIVE PRINCIPLES

I examine the development of Charles Lyell's principle of uniformity and its influence on the development of modern geology and biology and argue that distinguishing between philosophical starting points and empirical findings is essential for clarity in the discussion between science and religion. First, I explore Lyell's arguments against catastrophism and how these were both empirically and religiously motivated. I then consider how David Hume's empiricism, theory of causation, and rejection of miracles influenced Lyell. Using these insights, Lyell formulated his principle of uniformity, which he believed was based on current empirical findings, and rejected explanatory hypotheses that used the biblical Flood or other catastrophist accounts as violations of uniform causation and introductions of theological concepts into empirical science. I next examine the influence of Lyell's principle on Charles Darwin. Although Lyell opposed Darwinism for most of his life, Darwin relied heavily on Lyell, as is evidenced by references throughout The Origin of Species. I contend that the most important aspect of Lyell's principle for Darwin is that it makes natural evil (the struggle for survival) a process that has always been occurring rather than something introduced after the Fall as recorded in Genesis. Finally, I discuss the role that uniformity plays for Lyell, Darwin, and modern science as an interpretive principle rather than as an inference from empirical data, and I conclude by noting that keeping the distinction in mind between interpretive principles and empirical findings will help clarify debates between science and religion.     

Early English Empiricism and the Work of Catharine Trotter Cockburn

This article examines the work of the seventeenth‐century thinker Catharine Trotter Cockburn with an eye toward explication of her trenchant empiricism, and the foundations upon which it rested. It is argued that part of the originality of Cockburn's work has to do with her consistent line of thought with regard to evidence from the senses and the process of abstract conceptualization; in this she differed strongly from some of her contemporaries. The work of Martha Brandt Bolton and Fidelis Morgan is cited, and there is an auxiliary argument to the effect that Cockburn is probably better known as a playwright than she is as a philosophical thinker.     

Faith,reason and knowledge

Valueware: Technology, Humanity and Organization Christopher Barnatt Praeger Publishers, Praeger Studies on the 21st Century, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CT. 1998, 228 pp, references, chapter notes and index. Paperback, ISBN: 0–275–967 15–8, $22.95 USD

Looking Down the Road: A Systems Approach to Futures Studies Douglas Raybeck Waveland Press, Inc., Prospect Heights, IL. 2000, 131 pp., appendix, bibliography and index. Paperback, ISBN: 1–57766–116–8, $10.95 USD     

Neither Dogma nor Common sense: Moore's confidence in his ‘proof of an external world’

Helmholtz's theory of space had significant impact on Schlick's early ‘critical realist’ point of view. However, it will be argued in this paper that Schlick's appropriation of Helmholtz's ideas eventually lead to a rather radical transformation of the original Helmholtzian position.     

TIPS在肝移植术后难治性腹水中的应用

两例肝移植术后患者出现难治性腹水,明确病因、改善一般状况及肝肾功能后,给予TIPS治疗.TIPS术后1周,两例患者腹水消失,至今已分别随访15月、37月,均未出现肝性脑病、肝功能异常等并发症.肝移植术后TIPS的主要适应症为难治性腹水、食道静脉曲张出血及流出道梗阻.TIPS是治疗肝移植术后难治性腹水一种安全、有效的方法,具有一定的临床治疗意义.     

药物性肝损伤的发病机制

药物性肝损伤（DILI）可分为直接肝毒性和特异质性肝损伤（IDILI）.IDILI发生率较低,个体发病存在易感因素,在动物模型中很难复制.同时,IDILI缺乏可靠的临床诊断标准,使其发病机制的研究受到限制.近年来关于IDILI的发病机制,主要在遗传易感性、代谢途径、宿主免疫、线粒体毒性和胆道损伤等方面取得进展,各种发病机制的深入研究和相互关系的阐明,或将揭示IDILI的真正致病机制.     

中西医结合治疗儿童过敏性紫癜和预防相关肾损害的临床研究

过敏性紫癜是儿童常见的免疫系统疾病。西医治疗过敏性紫癜已形成常规模式,并有一定疗效,但也有一定局限性。本病易反复,易损伤肾脏,严重时可导致紫癜性肾炎。本文拟研究中西医结合方法治疗过敏性紫癜及预防肾脏损伤的临床效果。研究表明,中西医结合治疗该病存在一定优势,能有效治疗过敏性紫癜,并降低肾脏损害及紫癜性肾炎的发生率。但应看到本研究结论主要是通过临床经验取得,样本量小,未进行远期随访,缺乏系统深层次实验室论证,还有待进一步研究。     

急性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前后窦性心律振荡的临床观察

探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）前后窦性心律振荡（HRT）的变化及意义.选择伴室性早搏的AMI患者（观察组）和无器质性心脏病的室性早搏患者（对照组）各42例,PCI前伴室早的观察组患者,用节律Ⅱ导联记录室早的心电图,PCI后2周时观察组及对照组均记录24h动态心电图（AECG）,计算其震荡初始（TO）和震荡斜率（TS）,并行心脏彩色多普勒超声检查,测定左室射血分数（LVEF）.结果观察组PCI后2周时和对照组LVEF分别为：（59.1＆#177;7.5）%和（61.3＆#177;8.4）%.观察组PCI前TO显著升高,TS显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组PCI后2周TO较前降低,TS较前升高,但和对照组相比差异仍有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组PCI后2周时和对照组左室射血分数（LVEF）相比无差异.提示AMI患者HRT减弱,PCI后2周HRT改善但和观察组相比仍有统计学意义,提示AMI患者PCI后早期仍存在心脏自主神经功能下降,HRT可作为评价AMI患者预后的一个指标.