Cognitive systems struggling for word order

We argue that the grammatical diversity observed among the world’s languages emerges from the struggle between individual cognitive systems trying to impose their preferred structure on human language. We investigate the cognitive bases of the two most common word orders in the world’s languages: SOV (Subject–Object–Verb) and SVO. Evidence from language change, grammaticalization, stability of order, and theoretical arguments, indicates a syntactic preference for SVO. The reason for the prominence of SOV languages is not as clear. In two gesture-production experiments and one gesture comprehension experiment, we show that SOV emerges as the preferred constituent configuration in participants whose native languages (Italian and Turkish) have different word orders. We propose that improvised communication does not rely on the computational system of grammar. The results of a fourth experiment, where participants comprehended strings of prosodically flat words in their native language, shows that the computational system of grammar prefers the orthogonal Verb–Object orders.     

Implantation des messageries électroniques en Gendarmerie Nationale : quelles incidences sur la communication et l’information ?

This research is conduced a full year after the implementation of numerous instant messaging services within National Gendarmerie. The objective is to study their use and impact on communication and information management, considering the specificities of this military institution. Our methodology confronts semi-directive interviews with gendarmes and commanders, with observations of real-life, work situations. Results show a rapid integration of messaging systems by those agents. They facilitate a quick circulation of information that can sometimes be seen as too dense, easier communication with colleagues and civilians, a more accessible and much relied-upon command, and eventually transparency that is sometimes perceived as a feeling of control.     

情绪加工的性别差异及神经机制

已有研究表明, 情绪加工存在显著性别差异。这主要表现为女性人群具有情绪识别优势, 更好的情绪记忆能力与更强的负性情绪易感性。此外, 情绪加工的性别差异也表现为情绪调节过程的不同：相比男性, 女性更善于抑制情绪行为, 却较难通过认知策略调节负性情绪。情绪加工的性别差异有重要生理基础, 与情绪脑结构, 荷尔蒙水平的男女差异有关。同时, 情绪加工的性别差异同女性更高的情绪障碍易感性有着密切联系：不善于调节负性情绪, 及更强的消极情绪易感性可能是女性更易患情绪障碍的重要原因。从情绪加工角度探讨情绪障碍的性别差异及其原因, 对于情绪障碍的预防和治疗具有重要意义。     

测量和观察法在亲子沟通研究中的应用

亲子沟通研究主要采用量表测量和观察两种方法收集数据, 通过对有关实证研究的综述, 发现亲子沟通研究在测量工具发展和实验任务创设与分析方面存在理论基础薄弱、工具建设缺乏理论指导、数据编码与整理思路不清晰等问题, 未来的亲子沟通研究应在这些方面有所改进和突破。     

自尊对大学生失败后情绪状态的影响

以117名大二学生为被试,采用2×2两因素混合设计检验了自尊对大学生失败后情绪状态的影响。结果表明:(1)无论失败前还是失败后,低自尊组都比高自尊组有更多的抑郁、焦虑情绪;(2)无论高自尊组还是低自尊组,失败后都比失败前有更多的抑郁、焦虑反应;(3)自尊水平与情绪测量时间没有显著的交互作用;(4)高自尊组和低自尊组在失败后的情绪变化幅度上没有显著差异。     

阐释学语境下的医患沟通——探寻理解之路

在信息不对称、医疗结果不确定的情况下,很多医疗纠纷是由于缺乏充分的沟通导致不信任和误解造成的。加强医患沟通是增进理解、减少误解、构建和谐医患关系的重要途径。结合阐释学提出的理解之“主体间性”、“视阈融合”、“效果历史”的观点,探寻医患沟通的理解之路并指出医患沟通的限度。     

Agent communication pragmatics: the cognitive coherence approach

Different approaches have investigated the syntax and semantics of agent communication languages. However, these approaches have not indicated how agents should dynamically use communications. Instead of filling this pragmatics gap, most approaches have mainly focused on the ‘structure’ of dialogues even though developers are more interested in agents’ capabilities of having ‘useful’ automated conversations with respect to their goals rather than in their abilities to structure dialogues. This led us to work on a theory of the use of conversations between agents. In this paper, we propose a pragmatics theory which extends and adapts the cognitive dissonance theory (a major theory of social psychology) to multi-agent systems by unifying it with the theory of coherence in thought and action that issues from computational philosophy of mind. Precisely, we show how this theory allows us to provide generic conceptual tools for the automation of both agent communicational behavior and attitude change processes. This new motivational model is formulated in terms of constraints and elements of cognition and allows us to define cognitive incoherences and dialogue utility measures. We show how these measures could be used to solve common problems and answer some critical questions concerning agent communication frameworks use. Finally, our exploration in applying the cognitive coherence pragmatics theory as a new communication layer over classical BDI agents is presented. It relies on our dialogue games based agent communication language (DIAGAL) and our dialogue games simulator toolbox (DGS). The resulting framework provides the necessary theoretical and practical elements for implementing our theory. In doing so, it brings in a general scheme for automatizing agents’ communicational behavior as it is exemplified in this article.     

家中游戏情境对父婴交流行为的影响

采用录像手段,考察真实的家庭环境中,自由游戏和完成任务游戏情境对16对父婴交流行为的影响。研究结果表明：父亲表现出高控制的交流行为,以行动指令和信息祈求①为主,孩子则以顺从行为为主。游戏情境对父亲的部分交流行为有明显影响,父亲在自由游戏中的信息祈求行为①比在任务游戏中多,断言行为②比在任务游戏中少。总体上,父亲根据游戏情境调整自己的交流行为,婴儿也表现出相应的适应性行为。