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231.
Northup J Fusilier I Swanson V Huete J Bruce T Freeland J Gulley V Edwards S 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1999,32(1):35-50
We evaluated separate and interactive effects between common classroom contingencies and methylphenidate (MPH) on disruptive and off-task behaviors for 4 children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Analogue conditions consisting of contingent teacher reprimands, brief time-out, no interaction, and alone were conducted in a multielement design. Medication status (MPH or placebo) was alternated across days in a superordinate multielement design. Results indicate that (a) the behavioral effects of MPH were influenced by one or more of the analogue conditions for each participant, and (b) time-out was associated with zero or near-zero levels of both disruptive and off-task behavior for 3 of the 4 participants during MPH and placebo conditions. Implications for the clinical effectiveness of MPH and possible behavioral mechanisms of action of MPH in applied settings are discussed. 相似文献
232.
Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Herbert C. Quay 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(1):7-13
This paper updates the author's earlier hypothesis that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) reflects underactivity in Gray's Behavioral Inhibition System. Five areas of research are reviewed: (1) studies using the stop-signal task, (2) studies of errors of commission, (3) a study of inhibition indexed by eye movements, (4) a neuroimaging study of the corpus callosum, and (5) a study on the prediction of response to methylphenidate. Data from the many different dependent variables in these studies are interpreted as supporting disinhibition as a core deficit in ADHD. 相似文献
233.
Research has demonstrated a high prevalence of language impairments (LI) and reading disabilities (RD) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Since RD is also associated with LI, it is unclear whether the language impairments are specific to ADHD or associated with comorbid RD. The language abilities of ADHD children with and without RD were investigated in a task requiring recall of a lengthy narrative, and in tests assessing knowledge of the semantic aspects of language. The study was conducted with 50 boys—14 ADHD, 14 ADHD + RD, 8 RD, and 14 normal controls, aged 7 to 11. Children with ADHD (ADHD-only, ADHD + RD) exhibited difficulties in organizing and monitoring their story retelling. Children with RD (RD-only, ADHD + RD) demonstrated deficits in receptive and expressive semantic language abilities on the language processing tests. The comorbid group (ADHD + RD) exhibited the deficits of both ADHD and RD children. The deficiencies of ADHD children are consistent with higher-order executive function deficits while the deficits of RD children are consistent with deficits in the basic semantics of language processing. 相似文献
234.
发展性阅读障碍与知觉加工 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
近年来许多行为实验和神经生理学实验都发现 ,发展性阅读障碍与基本知觉障碍有关。在视觉领域研究者提出了巨细胞障碍假设 ,这种假设认为阅读障碍者视觉神经系统中的巨细胞障碍导致他们对某种类型的视觉刺激加工存在困难 ,进而影响阅读。在听觉领域研究发现阅读障碍者加工快速、系列、短暂呈现的声音刺激存在障碍。研究者认为阅读障碍者加工快速刺激输入障碍反映了普遍的时间知觉障碍。这方面的研究发展非常迅速 ,理论观点非常明确 ,并且直接与内在的神经机制相联系 ,形成了与传统的“语言障碍”理论迥然不同的“知觉障碍”理论。“知觉障碍”理论综合了行为、认知和神经等多个层次的研究 ,反映了神经科学发展所带来的巨大影响和认知加工模块化理论的渐渐衰退。 相似文献
235.
236.
Anniek Vaessen Patty Gerretsen Leo Blomert 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,103(2):202-221
The double deficit hypothesis states that naming speed problems represent a second core deficit in dyslexia independent from a phonological deficit. The current study investigated the main assumptions of this hypothesis in a large sample of well-diagnosed dyslexics. The three main findings were that (a) naming speed was consistently related only to reading speed; (b) phonological processing speed and naming speed loaded on the same factor, and this factor contributed strongly to reading speed; and (c) although general processing speed was involved in speeded naming of visual items, it did not explain the relationship between naming speed and reading speed. The results do not provide support for the existence of a second independent core naming deficit in dyslexia and indicate that speeded naming tasks are mainly phonological processing speed tasks with an important addition: fast cross-modal matching of visual symbols and phonological codes. 相似文献
237.
为探讨脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(HCY)水平同病因分型及疾病严重程度的关系,选择首发脑梗死急性期患者73例,对照组30例,进行TOAST病因分型、NIHSS神经功能缺损评分、血浆HCY检测。结果显示,病例组血浆HCY升高率、水平比对照组显著增高;大动脉粥样硬化亚型病例组血浆HCY水平比对照组明显增高;病例组血浆HCY水平同NIHSS评分呈正相关,提示高HCY血症是脑梗死发病及大动脉粥样硬化亚型脑梗死发病的高危因素,血浆HCY水平同神经功能缺损程度正相关。 相似文献
238.
McLoughlin G Ronald A Kuntsi J Asherson P Plomin R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):999-1008
Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, complex and highly heritable disorder, characterised by inattentive,
impulsive and overactive behaviour. Evidence for the heritability of ADHD measures in twin population samples has come from
the analysis of total scores that combine inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms subscales. This study investigated,
in a community sample, the aetiology of ADHD-like traits and the aetiological overlap between the two dimensions that define
the ADHD disorder.
Materials and Methods Parents of 6,222 approximately 8-year-old twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) population sample completed
the two subscales of the Conners’ 18-item DSMIV checklist, a screening instrument for ADHD symptoms.
Results Both subscales were highly heritable (hyperactive–impulsive: 88%; inattentive: 79%). Bivariate genetic modelling indicated
substantial genetic overlap between the two components; however, there were significant independent genetic effects.
Conclusions These findings suggest that many genes associated with the hyperactivity–impulsivity dimension will also be associated with
the inattentive dimension but that there is significant genetic heterogeneity as well. These results provide genetic support
for combining the two behavioural dimensions that define ADHD, but also suggest that some symptom-specific genes will also
be identified.
Correspondence and reprint requests to Gráinne McLoughlin, SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London
SE5 8AF, Tel: +44(0) 207-848-5261; Email: g.mcloughlin@iop.kcl.ac.uk. 相似文献
239.
Suneeta Kercood Janice A. Grskovic David L. Lee Stacey Emmert 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(4):303-310
This study evaluated the effectiveness of fine motor physical activity with tactile stimulation during two conditions of math
problem solving, visual and auditory. Eight 4th and 5th grade students with attention problems participated. Using an alternating
treatments design, students solved as many math story problems as they could, presented on worksheets or verbally during two
conditions, with and without tactile stimulation during 20 min. Motor behavior, recorded from videotape, and number of correctly
completed word problems were measured. Results suggest that fine motor manipulation of a tactile stimulation object reduced
excessive motor movement and increased task completion of students with attention problems. 相似文献
240.
Neuropsychological methods and techniques have much to offer in the evaluation of the individual suspected as having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD). After a review of the historical evolution of the ADHD concept, incidence and prevalence, and DSM-IV criteria
for diagnosis, especially as regards omission related to gender differences, and other associated cultural, familial, socioenvironmental,
and subject influences, this paper describes a number of dilemmas and obstacles encountered in clinical practice. Included
are the confounds associated with the wide range of possible comorbidities, the insufficiency of current DSM-IV criteria,
the emergence of subtype differentiation and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. The complex relationship between neuropsychological
constructs and ADHD, and obstacles to valid assessment are also addressed. The complexities associated with a thorough ADHD
evaluation are viewed within an impressive and expansive existing scientific framework and recommendations are made for future
directions. 相似文献