Goblet Words and Indeterminacy：A Writing Style that Is Free of Commitment

The Zhuangzi is a collection of ancient Chinese anecdotes and fables that serves as a foundational Daoist text. The style in which it is written is significant because it obscures rather than reveals the text’s philosophic positions. If the text cannot be translated into plain language while preserving its content, as the Mozi or the Mencius generally can be, then the writing style is not merely rhetorical. The style is itself indispensable to the content. In this study, I analyse a linguistic device mentioned in the Zhuangzi and use it to reflect the text’s writing style—namely, “goblet words” (zhi yan 巵言). I argue that various logical forms of goblet words defy the act of fixing a definite answer in any conceptual distinction or disputation. The forms, which include dilemmatic questions, oxymora and double denial, all serve to preserve indeterminacy. Reading goblet words may affect readers by making them more open-minded towards distinctions. However, readers cannot ascertain that the text’s authors produced this effect intentionally. Therefore, the text may cause readers to be open-minded while the authors remain free of commitment.     

网络相关文字刺激和压力对网络成瘾者线索诱发渴求的影响

渴求感特别是线索诱发渴求是成瘾行为维持和戒断失败的主要原因。本研究通过两个实验分别探讨了网络相关文字刺激和压力对网络成瘾者线索诱发渴求的影响。研究一以25名网络成瘾大学生为被试,以网络相关和中性词语为实验材料,采用线索暴露范式（Cue-reactivity Paradigm）的研究发现,只有网络相关文字刺激能显著诱发网络成瘾者的渴求感。在此基础上,研究二以40名网络成瘾大学生为被试,以公开演讲范式为压力诱发情境,以网络相关词语和中性词语为实验材料,采用线索暴露范式（Cue-reactivity Paradigm）的研究发现,在压力条件下,网络相关文字能诱发网络成瘾者更为强烈的渴求感。本研究深化了对网络成瘾形成维持心理机制的研究,也为网络成瘾的干预矫正提供了思路。     

Directed forgetting of negative performed actions is difficult: A behavioural study

Strong evidence suggests that both performing actions and emotional stimuli can enhance memory by capturing attention. However, the synergetic effect of the two factors on directed forgetting has not been assessed. In this study, we used an item-method directed forgetting paradigm to examine the forgetting of emotional materials depending on whether actions were performed. The results showed that action performance influenced the directed forgetting of emotional words. Specifically, when actions were performed there was a directed forgetting effect for neutral and positive words but not for negative words. In comparison, for verbal tasks, directed forgetting was observed for all words. The elaborative encoding prior to the remember/forget instructions and the influence of negative emotion on attentional inhibition after the presentation of the instructions together suggest that it is more difficult to intentionally forget negative performed actions.     

功能词与内容词加工的神经机制的研究综述

功能词和内容词的加工是认知心理学研究领域的热点之一,文章总结了有关功能词和内容词神经机制的研究成果,目的是为从事相关研究的国内同行提供一些借鉴。主要的结论是：功能词和内容词的加工方式可能不同,从而引起不同ERP成分,主要包括N280,N400和N400-700等;内容词的加工可能涉及两个大脑半球的相关脑区,而功能词的加工则可能只涉及大脑左半球的某些脑区。     

Mechanisms behind hazard perception of warning signs: An EEG study

Warning signs are the most effective way to alert people to hazards in the industries, architecture, and transportation. To better understand how these warning signs prompted hazard, this study investigated the intrinsic mechanism of hazard perception of warning signs, including warning words (low versus high hazard levels) and surrounding shapes (upright triangle versus circle). We recruited 18 participants and recorded electroencephalogram (EEG). We found that a combination of high-hazard-level words and an upright triangle shape significantly elicited more negative N300 and increased theta-band (3–8 Hz) synchronization, but reduced beta-band (15–30 Hz) desynchronization. The N300 component represented the emotional arousal strength, theta oscillations reflected the engagement of retrieval of emotional experiences from episodic memory, and beta oscillation connoted the semantic encoding. Thus, these findings suggested that a high-hazard-level combination had the ability to obtain high priority in cognitive processing. The EEG pattern changes allowed us to assess whether the hazard perception of warning signs was high or low, which could be an accurate indicator to better evaluate the design of warning signs.     

诚信内在结构解析

对诚信的内在结构可有多种解析。从所属领域角度,诚信可以被分为心诚、言诚、行诚三个层面。这三个层面相互依赖、相互作用：心诚是言诚和行诚的内在依据,言诚和行诚是心诚的必要外化,而言诚和行诚则相互促进。从所涉对象角度,诚信可以被分为诚己、诚人、诚群三个维度。这三个维度彼此相关、层层推进：诚己是诚人和诚群的必要前提,诚人是诚己的必然延伸和必要确证,而诚群则是诚人的合乎逻辑的扩展。     

情绪词类型效应：区分情绪标签词和情绪负载词的行为和神经活动证据

情绪标签词直接表达情绪状态,而情绪负载词本身不表达情绪状态,但能引发个体的情绪反应。通过对情绪标签词和情绪负载词的相关研究综述发现,情绪标签词与情绪负载词的加工优势存在不一致的结果;任务需求、语言类型和词汇特征是导致情绪词类型效应不一致的主要原因;情绪标签词与情绪负载词的加工差异可以通过语义表征的具身假说、密度假说进行解释。未来研究应深入考察情绪标签词与情绪负载词加工差异的原因;考察两种词在句子和语篇水平的加工差异;提供能够直接解释情绪词类型效应的理论假说;对比中英双语者加工中文和英文情绪标签词和情绪负载词的差异;采用神经成像技术继续探查情绪信息与语义信息加工的神经机制。     

“词语自由联想”视域下医护人员形象调查——公众与医护人员的认知态度比较

言语行为可以反映认知态度,利用心理学的“自由联想法”对公众与医护人员进行针对医护人员形象的调查,以获得他们心目中描述医护人员形象的词语.按照他们头脑中出现的顺序进行加权统计;计算积极、中性和消极词语的比例.调查发现,公众对医护人员形象的认知态度存在矛盾;同时医护人员对自身职业评价较低;二者通过联想获得贬义词分值较高,原因是医护人员普遍被认为劳动强度大、职业安全感小等.运用社会认知心理学的平衡理论进行分析以期获得提升认知态度,改善医患关系的新途径.     

汉语名词、动词和动名兼类词语义加工的偏侧化现象——来自ERP的研究

将ERP技术和半视野技术相结合,采用词汇判断任务,对汉语名词、动词和动名兼类词在左脑和右脑中的加工机制进行了考察。实验结果显示,名词和动词的N400仅在左视野/右脑存在差异,名词和动词的N400在左视野/右脑和右视野/左脑中都比偏（动）和偏（名）更负。不同词类的LPC在右视野/左脑中没有显著差异;偏（名）和偏（动）的LPC在左视野/右脑中比名词和动词更正。实验结果表明,在没有语境条件下,汉语名词和动词的差异主要在具体性上,动名兼类词体现出不同于名词、动词的加工机制。     

自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程

在社会交往中, 判断情绪刺激与自我和他人的相关程度对于情绪加工十分重要。本研究利用ERPs技术, 要求被试默读相继呈现的名字(自我、朋友和陌生人)和情绪性词汇(积极、中性和消极), 考察自我相关信息影响情绪词汇加工的动态时间特征及二者的整合机制。结果发现, 在情绪词汇加工早期, 消极词汇相比积极和中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的EPN。在加工晚期, 消极词汇相比中性词汇诱发波幅更小的N400, 并相对中性和积极词汇诱发更大的LPP。更为重要的是, 在LPP时间窗出现情绪效价和自我相关性的交互作用:与自我名字相关的消极词汇比中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP, 与朋友名字相关的消极词汇比中性和积极词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP, 而与陌生名字相关的各类词汇诱发的LPP波幅无显著差异。该研究表明, 个体对情绪信息非常敏感, 随着加工的深入会体现出不同的认知过程, 并且会根据自我相关性进行过滤, 在加工晚期与自我相关信息进行整合, 表现出自我和朋友相关的消极情绪的加工优势。