The suffix priming effect: Further evidence for an early morpho-orthographic segmentation process independent of its semantic content

This work presents the results of a masked lexical decision experiment in which we explore the morphological parsing of Spanish suffixed or pseudosuffixed words through the suffix priming effect. Priming the bases or pseudobases with their suffixed or pseudosuffixed forms is the standard process in experiments aimed at understanding the processes underlying morphological parsing in visual word recognition with masked priming lexical decision (e.g., darkness–DARK; corner–CORN). We, however, compare the effect of suffix priming on the lexical decision of suffixed (ero–JORNALERO) and pseudosuffixed words (ero–CORDERO), as well as the effect of orthographic priming on nonsuffixed words (eba–PRUEBA). The results show that in the case of suffixed and pseudosuffixed words, related primes (ero–JORNALERO; ero–CORDERO) significantly accelerated response latencies in comparison to unrelated primes (ista–JORNALERO; ura–CORDERO), while for simple words there was no facilitation from the orthographically related prime in comparison to the unrelated prime (eba–PRUEBA; afo–PRUEBA). These results are consistent with the so-called morpho-orthographic segmentation process in the course of visual word recognition, which might also be independent of orthographic and purely semantic factors. Our results also support the view that morphological parsing takes place regardless of whether a stem is present in a word. These results complement findings from studies dealing with CORNER- and BROTHEL-like stimuli.     

图画与中、英文词识别加工的眼动研究

以图画、中文词和英文词的一系列变式为实验材料,使用眼动技术采集被试在观察上述材料时的眼动参数。实验结果显示：人眼对图画、中文词和英文词三种材料识别加工的眼动模式不同。在注视时间方面,图画的注视时间最短,英文词的注视时间最长,中文词的注视时间居中;在眼跳距离方面,图画的眼跳距离最大,英文的眼跳距离次之,中文的眼跳距离最小。在反应时方面,人眼对图画的反应时最短,英文词最长,中文词居中。     

Gating技术与汉语听觉词汇加工

尝试对Gating技术的实施和运用,对数据进行探索性分析。被试为47名北京师范大学本科学生。实验中被试听到依次加长的单字词语音片段,每听完一个语音片段要尽快判断该语音是什么字音,并迅速写出想到的第一个符合该读音的汉字,同时在七点量表上评定作出判断的确定性等级。结果显示,Gating技术作为探讨汉语听觉词汇加工的一条途径可以提供丰富的信息,它不仅能得到词汇的语音识别点(Isolation Point,IP),也揭示出它与声调存在一定关系。对错误反应的分析还表明：声调信息可以独立于音段信息而被识别;即时影响声调识别的因素不一定局限于区别性特征;听觉词汇识别受到听觉语言特有的方向性特点的影响,这种影响不仅体现在音段信息、也体现在超音段信息的识别中。     

Transformations of early infantile experiences: A 6-month-old in psychoanalysis

The aim of the paper is to study the theoretical and technical tools for psychoanalysis adapted to an infantile analysand's requirements. The author presents the case of a 6-month-old boy with his mother in psychoanalytical sessions four times a week; the analysis was terminated after six weeks. After the fi rst two sessions the disturbances between the infant and the mother disappeared from everyday life but continued with increasing intensity as an emotional storm in the sessions during three weeks up to a 12-day break. During and after the break everyday life continued without disturbances. After the break the emotional storm continued in the sessions but abated and was replaced by playing. The infant's creation of a fort-da game with his pacifi er indicated a transformation of the mental functioning. The analysis could then be terminated. The study of the process indicates good reasons to adapt psychoanalytical concepts to the prerequisite of the infantile personality and to use the concepts of unconscious, infantile repression, substitute formation, return of the infantile repressed, infantile transference, splitting, xKy, reverie and containment as some of the theoretical tools for understanding the infantile personality in a clinical psychoanalytical setting.     

试论《周易》与《论语》中的语、默观

默包含着言与不言两个方面,具有本体的意义.作为本体的"默",是在"言"的发用中显现的.当发用兼顾到"诚"与"时"两种因素时,本体自然就呈现了.但对还没有达到本体高度的人而言,在追求完善的过程中,比较稳妥的选择应当是"慎言",也就是从尽量不言做起.     

Directed forgetting of negative performed actions is difficult: A behavioural study

Strong evidence suggests that both performing actions and emotional stimuli can enhance memory by capturing attention. However, the synergetic effect of the two factors on directed forgetting has not been assessed. In this study, we used an item-method directed forgetting paradigm to examine the forgetting of emotional materials depending on whether actions were performed. The results showed that action performance influenced the directed forgetting of emotional words. Specifically, when actions were performed there was a directed forgetting effect for neutral and positive words but not for negative words. In comparison, for verbal tasks, directed forgetting was observed for all words. The elaborative encoding prior to the remember/forget instructions and the influence of negative emotion on attentional inhibition after the presentation of the instructions together suggest that it is more difficult to intentionally forget negative performed actions.     

汉语儿童6岁前范畴层次词汇的发展研究

本研究利用个案跟踪语料和控制实验数据,考察了汉语儿童6岁前范畴层次词汇的发展情况。研究表明,基本层次词汇在产出和理解方面均占优势,名词层级的发展主要表现为下位层次词语的增加。儿童对范畴层次词汇的正确产出和理解率从高到低排序依次为基本层次、下位层次和上位层次词汇。本研究为佐证基本层次词语在汉语儿童早期语言发展中占据概念的主导地位提供了经验支持,并支持原型理论对儿童范畴分类能力发展的阐释。     

英文词、汉字词、早期文字和图画的认知加工比较

采用四种任务考察英文词、汉字词、甲骨文、东巴文和图画在知觉加工和语言加工中的特点, 揭示不同类型符号的认知机制。实验1采用知觉相似度判断和语义一致性判断考察符号在知觉加工和语义加工中的特点; 实验2考察符号在命名与分类中的表现。结果表明：(1)不同类型符号在知觉相似度判断和语义一致性判断中表现不同。符号相似的顺序与文字演化的顺序一致。(2)不同类型符号的命名与分类反应具有不对称性：英文词和汉字词的命名快于分类, 甲骨文、东巴文和图画的分类快于命名。(3)无论是命名还是分类, 对汉字词和图画的反应均快于对东巴文和甲骨文的反应。对英文词命名快于对甲骨文和东巴文命名, 对英文词分类慢于对东巴文分类。(4)英文词、汉字词和图画的命名与分类反应具有不对称性：对英文词、汉字词命名快于对图画命名, 对图画分类快于对英文词、汉字词分类。甲骨文和东巴文的命名与分类反应具有不对称性：对甲骨文命名快于对东巴文命名, 对东巴文分类快于对甲骨文分类。所以如此, 既与符号的外形特征和区别性特征有关, 又与符号记录语言的方式以及对符号的熟悉度有关。研究结果为确定文字发展和演变的规律及甲骨文与东巴文的性质提供了心理学依据。     

中文词间词和词内词预视加工的差异：词间阴影的作用

为了考察词语的属性特征对预视加工的影响, 实验操纵注视字与预视字是否属于一个语言单元, 利用眼动轨迹记录法并结合边界范式以探讨其对预视效应的影响。此外, 考察了词边界信息对词间词和词内词预视加工的影响。结果显示, 词内词的预视效应大于词间词, 词间阴影、非词阴影条件下的预视效应和正常条件之间没有差异。说明阴影提供的词边界对词间词和词内词的预视加工无影响, 支持词切分和词汇识别模型, 即词切分和词汇识别是同时进行的。     

Infants recognize counting as numerically relevant

Children do not understand the meanings of count words like “two” and “three” until the preschool years. But even before knowing the meanings of these individual words, might they recognize that counting is “about” the dimension of number? Here in five experiments, we asked whether infants already associate counting with quantities. We measured 14‐ and 18‐month olds’ ability to remember different numbers of hidden objects that either were or were not counted by an experimenter before hiding. As in previous research, we found that infants failed to differentiate four hidden objects from two when the objects were not counted—suggesting an upper limit on the number of individual objects they could represent in working memory. However, infants succeeded when the objects were simply counted aloud before hiding. We found that counting also helped infants differentiate four hidden objects from six (a 2:3 ratio), but not three hidden objects from four (a 3:4 ratio), suggesting that counting helped infants represent the arrays’ approximate cardinalities. Hence counting directs infants’ attention to numerical aspects of the world, showing that they recognize counting as numerically relevant years before acquiring the meanings of number words.