Emotion Socialization in Families of Children With an Anxiety Disorder

Compared emotion socialization in 26 children with anxiety disorders ages 8–12 years and their mothers to 26 nonclinical counterparts without psychopathology. Children and their mothers participated in an emotion interaction task in which they discussed occasions when the child felt worry, sadness, and anger. Responses were coded for length of discussion, proportion of words spoken by child vs. mother, frequency of positive and negative emotion words, explanatory discussion of emotion, and maternal facilitation of emotion discussion. Children and their mothers also completed the Expressiveness and Control scales of the Family Environment Scale. Results indicated that mothers of children with an anxiety disorder spoke less frequently than their child, used significantly fewer positive emotion words, and discouraged their childrens emotion discussions more than did mothers of nonclinical children. Nonclinical children and their mothers indicated significantly more emotional expressiveness in their families than did children with an anxiety disorder and their mothers. These results highlight the potential role of truncated family emotional expressivity in the emotional development and functioning of children with an anxiety disorder.     

听力障碍幼儿情绪理解的干预研究

根据听障幼儿情绪理解发展特点,编制了情绪理解干预课程,并进行为期12周的干预训练。研究结果表明：干预训练显著提高了听障幼儿的外部情绪理解水平和内部情绪状态理解水平;不同性别听障幼儿在情绪理解干预课程中的表现有所不同,女生在信念理解、道德情绪理解和情绪原因理解中的干预效果均显著优于男生。本研究所编制的干预课程对于促进听障幼儿情绪理解发展的效果良好。     

Longitudinal Modeling of Adolescents' Activity Involvement, Problem Peer Associations, and Youth Smoking

Longitudinal associations among different types of organized activity involvement, problem peer associations, and cigarette smoking were examined in a sample of 1040 adolescents (mean age = 15.62 at baseline, 16.89 at 15-month assessment, 17.59 at 24 months) enriched for smoking experimentation (83% had tried smoking). A structural equation model tested longitudinal paths between three categories of involvement (team sports, school clubs and activities, and religious activities, measured at baseline and 15 months), problem peer associations (baseline and 15 months), and cigarette smoking behavior (baseline and 24 months). Multi-group analyses indicated pathways differed by type of activity and adolescent gender. Boys' baseline team sports and religious involvement predicted lower levels of smoking at 24 months via continued activity involvement at 15 months. Girls' involvement in school clubs and activities and religious activities indirectly predicted lower levels of smoking at 24 months via reduced exposure to problem peers at 15 months.     

社会变迁下的青少年情绪发展

根据大量关于情绪调节及其相关变量发展的研究,本文对社会变迁下青少年的情绪发展进行了分析,阐述了情绪调节、情绪体验、情绪智力以及情绪调节态度的发展如何反映了社会变迁对青少年社会性发展的影响。同时,根据情绪研究和发展研究在方法上的特点,指出了情绪发展研究的挑战并提出了方法上的改进——追踪法研究和时间取样法研究。最后,介绍了有关青少年情绪发展追踪和时间取样的实证研究,通过其会聚式的结果推论在中国当前背景下减弱调节策略是一种有效且具适应价值的调节策略。     

负性情绪干扰行为抑制控制:一项事件相关电位研究

以往研究提示,行为抑制控制与视觉情绪加工的神经活动存在交互作用,而视觉材料诱发的正、负情绪如何影响行为控制加工过程尚不清楚。采用双选择情绪oddball范式与事件相关电位(ERP)技术,本研究假设视觉情绪刺激的呈现对个体的行为控制能力具有显著影响。实验要求被试对标准刺激与偏差刺激(85%vs.15%)分别做不同的按键反应。偏差刺激由正、负、中三种来自中国情绪图片系统的情绪图片组成。行为结果发现,负性条件下的反应时间显著长于中性与正性条件,而三类偏差刺激的反应时均显著长于标准刺激的反应时。ERP结果显示,不论效价,在240～300ms与350～550ms两个时间窗口,偏差刺激与标准刺激诱发的平均波幅差异显著,表明本研究条件下行为抑制控制效应显著。在代表行为控制加工的偏差-标准差异波中,在上述两窗口内分别出现显著的N2与P3成分。负性条件下N2及P3潜伏期显著长于中性条件;而负性条件下N2波幅显著大于而P3波幅显著小于中性条件。相反,正性条件下N2波幅显著小于而P3波幅显著大于中性条件。因此,本研究从行为与脑电两个层面揭示了情绪对行为控制过程的影响:负性情绪减弱个体的行为控制能力,从而导致个体对反应冲突的觉察变慢及对优势反应的抑制过程更长。相反,正性情绪对行为控制过程可能具有促进作用。     

道德直觉背景下的道德决策：影响因素探究

以往对道德直觉的研究表明了情绪因素在道德决策中的重要作用, 研究者提出道德决策中存在有意识认知和无意识情绪两种加工过程, 二者之间不能够完全分离与孤立。针对这种认知—情绪过程解释、经典电车和人行桥困境中的道德判断差异等问题, 近年来大量研究通过对道德行为者和道德判断者自身原因、道德情境等主客观因素的深入考察, 试图从不同角度来揭示认知—情绪过程解释的合理性及道德决策差异背后的其他原因, 形成了道德直觉背景下相关领域诸多新的关注点。未来研究有必要针对道德决策研究的方法学、情境的扩展及认知—情感系统内部交互等问题作进一步探讨。     

婴儿气质的实验室观察与母亲报告的一致性及其影响因素研究

本研究采用呈现三种性质物品的实验室观察法与母亲报告法,考察203名6个月婴儿在积极情绪和消极情绪的一致性。结果表明:(1)在正性情境下,实验室观察的积极、消极情绪与母亲报告的消极情绪显著相关;(2)母亲的抑郁倾向与两种气质测查方法测查的婴儿消极情绪的一致性正相关显著;婴儿性别在一定程度上调节着母亲养育压力与两种方法测查婴儿积极情绪的一致性。     

Emotionally arousing pictures increase blood glucose levels and enhance recall

Arousal enhances memory in human participants and this enhancing effect is likely due to the release of peripheral epinephrine. As epinephrine does not readily enter the brain, one way that peripheral epinephrine may enhance memory is by increasing circulating blood glucose levels. The present study investigated the possibility that emotionally arousing color pictures would improve memory and elevate blood glucose levels in human participants. Blood glucose levels were measured before, 15 min, and 30 min after male university students viewed 60 emotionally arousing or relatively neutral pictures. Participants viewed each picture for 6 s and then had 10 s to rate the arousal (emotional intensity) and valence (pleasantness) of each picture. A free-recall memory test was given 30 min after the last picture was viewed. Although the emotionally arousing and neutral picture sets were given comparable valence ratings, participants who viewed the emotionally arousing pictures rated the pictures as being more arousing, recalled more pictures, and had higher blood glucose levels after viewing the pictures than did participants who viewed the neutral pictures. These findings indicate that emotionally arousing pictures increase blood glucose levels and enhance memory, and that this effect is not due to differences in the degree of pleasantness of the stimuli. These findings support the possibility that increases in circulating blood glucose levels in response to emotional arousal may be part of the biological mechanism that allows emotional arousal to enhance memory.     

Parent Perspectives on Family Involvement in Therapeutic Foster Care

There has been an increasing focus on family involvement in the treatment of children with serious emotional disorders, but it has received only limited attention in relation to out-of-home placements. I present the findings from a qualitative study of family involvement from the perspectives of parents whose children were placed in therapeutic foster care (TFC). Parents' perspectives on their involvement in placement decisions, relationships with professionals and TFC providers, practices related to family involvement, barriers to involvement, and strategies to enhance family involvement are described. Parents of children in TFC wanted to have contact with their children and to participate in decision making. They described relationships and practices that contributed to their involvement.     

How (and Why) Emotion Enhances the Subjective Sense of Recollection

ABSTRACT— A growing body of evidence suggests emotion boosts memory accuracy to an extent but affects the subjective sense of recollection even more. The result is vivid memories for emotional events that are held with confidence but that may be surprisingly inaccurate in their details. We examine the neural circuitry underlying emotion's impact on memory and the subjective sense of recollection to provide insight into this puzzling phenomenon. This research suggests that for emotional stimuli the quality and strength of memory for a few details may mediate judgments of recollection, whereas for neutral stimuli the quantity of contextual details may be more important. Finally, we speculate that the enhanced subjective sense of recollection with emotion, in the absence of absolute veridicality, may have evolved to enable fast and unambiguous decision making in emotional situations.