液体潴留量与重症急性胰腺炎早期并发ARDS相关性临床分析

探讨48h液体潴留量〉4000ml与重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）早期并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的临床相关性,为进一步指导11盏床SAP患者早期液体复苏治疗并预防急性肺损伤提供科学依据。回顾性分析我院2012年1月至2014年1月收治的43例SAP患者临床资料,并进行统计学处理。分析结果表明48h液体潴留量〉4000m1与sAP早期并发ARDS呈现出明显的正相关,48h液体潴留量〉4000ml的sAP患者早期并发ARDs的危险性是48h液体潴留量〈4000ml的SAP患者的14．4倍,48h液体潴留量〉4000ml是重症急性胰腺炎早期并发ARDS的高危险因素。对于SAP患者在早期临床治疗过程中应密切注意液体潴留量,通过合理补液可降低sAP并发ARDS的发生率和病死率。     

The Effects of a Couples‐Based Health Behavior Intervention During Pregnancy on Latino Couples’ Dyadic Satisfaction Postpartum

Many couples tend to report steadily decreasing relationship quality following the birth of a child. However, little is known about the postpartum period for Latino couples, a rapidly growing ethnic group who are notably underserved by mental and physical health caregivers in the United States. Thus, this study investigated whether a brief couples’ intervention focused on helping couples support each other while increasing healthy behaviors might improve dyadic functioning postpartum. This study presents secondary analyses of data regarding couple functioning from a larger randomized controlled trial with 348 Latino couples to promote smoking cessation. Portions of the intervention taught the couple communication and problem‐solving skills to increase healthy behavior. Couples participated in four face‐to‐face assessments across 1 year starting at the end of the first trimester. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that the treatment group reported an increase in relationship satisfaction and constructive communication after the intervention, which diminished by 1‐year follow‐up, returning couples to their baseline levels of satisfaction. Results suggest that incorporating a brief couple intervention as part of a larger health intervention for Latinos may prevent postpartum decreases in relationship satisfaction.     

Los animales sabios: secretos del oficio

RESUMEN

A partir de la distinción entre aprendizaje y amaestramiento, los autores se suman a las críticas de H. S. Terrace y su equipo respecto a la posibilidad de enseñar lenguaje a los animales. Señalan que parece surgir una dependencia de la guía humana en los entrenamientos con antropoides, los cuales realizan producciones correctas tras descubrir indicios no intencionados en el experimentador. Esta afirmación se justifica analizando los estudios con las chimpancés Sara y Washoe, centrándose en las posibilidades de comunicación “extralingüística” de los experimentos de doble ciego realizados con esta última. Seguidamente los autores critican las investigaciones de E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh y colegas desde las mismas premisas y finalizan con algunas reflexiones en torno a la imposibilidad de realizar experimentos sin la presencia humana, subrayando que la acomodación de chimpancés, gorilas, investigadores y experimentadores a la situación experimental hace que los avances reales en la comunicación hombre-antropoide sean todavía materia de ficción.     

«Modelos de Mundo», como marco de referencia de una psicología del conocimiento

RESUMEN

En el estado actual de cosas es importante apuntar dos reflexiones. En primer lugar, existe un desfase entre la psicología que se desea hacer y la que efectivamente se logra construir, entre los motivos profundos de este desfase se puede situar la confusión epistemológica, la desconexión teórica y la falta de una orientación hacia la eficacia real. Una segunda reflexión, se situaría sobre nuestro propio trabajo y, especialmente, sobre las discusiones y reflexiones que lo acompañan. Nuestro trabajo parece tomar un rumbo determinado y resulta epistemológicamente relevante el intento de su explicación. En el presente artículo se trata de ofrecer algunos de los resultados de esta labor. Estos resultados se concretan en un enfoque metodológico desde el enfoque de Modelos del Mundo (MDM), consistente en predecir actuaciones a partir del modelo de sujeto y su mundo que, operativizados en forma de conducta, se contrasten con la realidad.     

Relational discrimination by pigeons in a go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli: a methodological note

A go/no‐go procedure with compound stimuli typically establishes emergent behavior that parallels in structure and typical outcome that of conventional tests for symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations in normally capable adults. The present study employed a go/no‐go compound stimulus procedure with pigeons. During training, pecks to two‐component compounds A1B1, A2B2, B1C1, and B2C2 were followed by food. Pecks to compounds A1B2, A2B1, B1C2, and B2C1 re‐started the 30‐s stimulus presentation interval. The absence of pecking to those compounds for 30 s ended the trial. Subsequent tests presented these components in new spatial arrangements and/or in recombinative compounds that together corresponded to conventional tests of symmetry, transitivity, and equivalence: B1A1, B2A2, C1B1, C2B2, A1C1, A2C2, C1A1, C2A2 vs. B1A2, B2A1, C1B2, C2B1, A1C2, A2C1, C1A2, C2A1 (positive vs. negative instances of symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations). On tests for symmetric relations, all pigeons behaved in a manner consistent with training on both positive instances (i.e., by responding) and on negative instances (i.e., by not responding). By contrast, the pigeons' behavior on tests for transitivity and equivalence was inconsistent with baseline training, thus failing to show the recombinative discrimination performance that is typical of normally capable humans when trained and tested using the go/no‐go procedure with compound stimuli.     

Adaptive criterion setting in perceptual decision making

Pigeons responded in a perceptual categorization task with six different stimuli (shades of gray), three of which were to be classified as "light" or "dark", respectively. Reinforcement probability for correct responses was varied from 0.2 to 0.6 across blocks of sessions and was unequal for correct light and dark responses. Introduction of a new reinforcement contingency resulted in a biphasic process of adjustment: First, choices were strongly biased towards the favored alternative, which was followed by a shift of preference back towards unbiased choice allocation. The data are well described by a signal detection model in which adjustment to a change in reinforcement contingency is modeled as the change of a criterion along a decision axis with fixed stimulus distributions. Moreover, the model shows that pigeons, after an initial overadjustment, distribute their responses almost optimally, although the overall benefit from doing so is extremely small. The strong and swift effect of minute changes in overall reinforcement probability precludes a choice strategy directly maximizing expected value, contrary to the assumption of signal detection theory. Instead, the rapid adjustments observed can be explained by a model in which reinforcement probabilities for each action, contingent on perceived stimulus intensity, determine choice allocation.     

An evaluation of three methods of saying "no" to avoid an escalating response class hierarchy

We evaluated the effects of three different methods of denying access to requested high-preference activities on escalating problem behavior. Functional analysis and response class hierarchy (RCH) assessment results indicated that 4 topographies of problem behaviors displayed by a 13-year-old boy with high-functioning autism constituted an RCH maintained by positive (tangible) reinforcement. Identification of the RCH comprised the baseline phase, during which computer access was denied by saying "no" and providing an explanation for the restriction. Two alternative methods of saying "no" were then evaluated. These methods included (a) denying computer access while providing an opportunity to engage in an alternative preferred activity and (b) denying immediate computer access by arranging a contingency between completion of a low-preference task and subsequent computer access. Results indicated that a hierarchy of problem behavior may be identified in the context of denying access to a preferred activity and that it may be possible to prevent occurrences of escalating problem behavior by either presenting alternative options or arranging contingencies when saying "no" to a child's requests.     

The moderating role of socially desirable responding in implicit–explicit attitudes toward asylum seekers

Implicit and explicit attitudes correlate under certain conditions and researchers are interested in the moderating factors of this relationship. This paper explored the role of socially desirable responding in this relationship by testing the hypothesis that impression management (IM; i.e., deliberate response modification) and self‐deceptive enhancement (SDE; i.e., positive self‐bias) play moderating roles in the relationship of implicit–explicit attitudes toward asylum seekers in Australia. Seventy‐four students responded to a battery of measures and the results revealed that IM (but not SDE) moderated this relationship to the extent that higher IM scores weakened the correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude scores. This suggests that attitudes toward asylum seekers might be susceptible to socially desirable response tendencies and in combination with the finding that IM was negatively related to explicit attitudes, it is argued that self‐presentation concerns result in the deliberate attenuation of reported negative explicit attitudes.     

Teenage Childbearing,Reproductive Justice,and Infant Mental Health

Reproductive justice advocates emphasize the rights of women to choose to have children, to decide the conditions under which they give birth, and to parent their children with support, safety, and dignity. This article examines what a reproductive justice perspective contributes to infant mental health work with teenage mothers and their families. It explores the historical framing of teenage pregnancy in which young mothers are the cause of a variety of social problems and in which the primary policy and practice approach is pregnancy prevention. The article offers alternative framings of teenage childbearing, based on reproductive justice principles, which focus on social conditions surrounding teenage parenthood and the meaning of motherhood in the lives of young women. These alternative frames shift the practice agenda to eradicating unjust social conditions and providing supports for young women in their roles as parents. The article then describes ways in which two infant mental health programs have incorporated reproductive justice principles into their work with young families: Chicago's community doula model and Florida's Young Parents Project for court-involved teenage parents. Finally, the article extracts a set of principles deriving from a reproductive justice perspective that are relevant to infant mental health work with young families.