心理咨询中好坏效果案例的同化水平对比:基于同化模型的视角

目的:通过对比心理咨询中4例好效果案例和4例坏效果案例同化水平的差异,对同化模型有关成功治疗改变过程的理论构想进行检验,并寻找区分好坏案例的关键点。方法:选用7位经过培训的评定者组成三个研究小组,采用同化分析这一用来追踪当事人问题经验发展进程的研究方法,对8个当事人完整的咨询逐字稿资料进行分析,并对涉及当事人问题经验的段落进行摘录。依据同化问题经验量表和同化标识手册对摘录的段落进行同化评定。结果:8个案例的核心问题得到一致确定,三组评定者评分的组内相关系数ICC(1,1)在.64~.86之间,ICC(1,K)在.84~.96之间。好效果案例结束时的同化水平均分(M=5.50)和同化进展均分(M=4.25)高于坏效果案例(2.13和-.13)。好坏效果案例的同化进程均出现前进中倒退的情形,但好效果案例能够在倒退中保持上升,而坏效果案例未能完成上升。好效果案例最终的同化水平均达到了4(理解/领悟)及以上,坏效果案例最终的同化水平均未达到4。结论:研究结果基本支持同化模型的理论设想,即症状强度的减少同更高的同化水平相联系;并初步确定区分好坏效果的关键点是同化水平4;但从同化进程来看,可考虑对模型的发展序列进行修改完善。     

Eternal Connection: An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Learning About Near-Death Experiences on Adult Grief

We examined the effectiveness of a near-death experience (NDE) psychoeducational group bereavement intervention in reducing distressing aspects and enhancing a growth aspect of grief among bereaved adults. Participants were 22 females and 2 males (2 African American, 3 Asian, 2 Latina/o, and 17 White non-Latina/o) ranging in age from 20 to 71, with a mean age of 35.3 years. In this experimental design, we randomly assigned 12 participants to the experimental group and 12 participants to the waitlist control group. Effect size findings based on Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist scores indicated modest to substantial benefits of the NDE learning module intervention for bereaved adults in the form of decreased panic behavior, blame and anger, and detachment and increased personal growth. Conclusions include that further research into the effectiveness of NDE-related psychoeducational programs with bereaved individuals is warranted.     

Work Experiences of Foreign‐Born Asian Women Counseling and Psychology Faculty

Eleven foreign‐born and ‐raised Asian women faculty in counseling and psychology programs in the United States were interviewed about their work experiences. Analysis using consensual qualitative research revealed 7 sources of stressors, 6 emotional reactions associated with stressors, 5 coping strategies, and 4 types of intrinsic rewards gained from encountering challenges. The results of the study provide information about the unique experiences of this understudied group and have implications for the U.S. higher education system. Se entrevistó a once profesoras universitarias asiáticas de programas de consejería y psicología en Estados Unidos nacidas y criadas en el extranjero acerca de sus experiencias de trabajo. Un análisis basado en investigación cualitativa consensuada reveló 7 fuentes de estrés, 6 reacciones emocionales asociadas a los motivos del estrés, 5 estrategias de afrontamiento y 4 tipos de recompensa intrínseca ganada por afrontar los desafíos. Los resultados del estudio proporcionan información sobre las experiencias únicas de este grupo que no ha sido estudiado suficientemente, y tienen implicaciones para el sistema de educación superior en Estados Unidos.     

童年期不良经历对中学生良心的影响：特质自我控制和自我损耗的链式中介作用

为探讨童年期不良经历对中学生良心的影响及作用机制,基于生物生态学理论和自我控制资源模型,采用整群取样法抽取湖南省7所城市7所中学初一到高三学生共3648名,使用童年期不良经历问卷、青少年良心问卷、特质自我控制量表和自我调节疲劳量表进行问卷调查。结果发现:(1)童年期不良经历负向预测中学生良心;(2)特质自我控制和自我损耗在童年期不良经历和中学生良心间起部分中介作用;(3)特质自我控制和自我损耗在童年期不良经历和中学生良心间起链式中介作用。研究结果表明,童年期不良经历不仅是影响中学生良心的重要外部因素,而且还会通过影响特质自我控制和经由自我损耗对中学生良心产生间接作用;减少和避免童年期不良经历对中学生心理的冲击,提升其特质自我控制水平,降低其自我损耗,是预防中学生良心失守和提升良心水平的重要途径。     

How individuals with self‐reported anxiety and depression experienced a combination of individual counselling with an adventurous outdoor experience: A qualitative evaluation

Background: Adventure therapy is a short‐term experiential psychotherapeutic approach that utilises adventurous activities and being in natural environments in order to facilitate therapeutic change in clients. The present paper examines how students with self‐reported anxiety and depression experienced participating in an innovative intervention that combined individual therapy with an adventurous outdoor experience. Clients participating in the Adventure Therapy Project received between 10–15 one‐to‐one counselling sessions prior to the outdoor experience, as well as ongoing counselling following it. Method: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used in order to record and analyse the experiences of three male and three female students who presented at a major UK university student counselling service with self‐reported depression and anxiety. Findings: Twelve themes emerged which were categorised into four major domains: enhancing intrapersonal relationships; improving interpersonal relationships; providing an experiential outdoor venue for achieving therapeutic change; offering a secure, personal place for achieving inner healing. The intervention was perceived to improve the ways in which interviewees related towards themselves and other people. Interviewees perceived the counselling sessions as offering a safe therapeutic space within which they could unveil their anxieties and achieve inner healing. Conclusions: Outdoor experiences offer an experiential venue for achieving personal change and, it appears enhance the therapeutic process. Prior and subsequent individual therapy increases the benefits of such experiences.     

Managing boundaries under pressure: A qualitative study of therapists’ experiences of sexual attraction in therapy

Aim: To identify therapists’ views on sexual boundaries and the strategies they employ to manage them in therapeutic practice. Method: In‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 13 accredited, experienced practitioners of psychotherapy or counselling. A grounded theory approach, informed by principles from Free Association Narrative methodology, was employed, in which team members used debriefing sessions for extending depth of understanding of the interviews. Findings: There is consensus about boundaries at the extremes, but variability about fantasy, flirtation and touch. A core process was generated from accounts of successful management of sexual attraction. We identified four problematic ways of reacting to boundary pressure, each with potential to harm clients and therapy. Discussion: A participant‐observer stance was conceptualised as essential for managing threats to boundaries, consistent with the empathic stance. Minor boundary crossings were viewed by interviewees as both potential precursors of more serious transgressions, and as opportunities for understanding the client's difficulties. Implications for practice: These span training, accrediting organisations, supervision and therapy practice.     

Guiding trustful behavior: The role of accessible content and accessibility experiences

Trust has been identified as a key ingredient to the prosperity of close relationships, organizations, and societies. While research mainly focused on the antecedents and consequences of trust, much less is known about how individuals assess whether there are enough reasons to warrant trustful action. Two experiments explored the how and when of this assessment, suggesting that antecedents may not only be integrated as content information per se (as generally assumed), but in a feeling‐based summary form. Specifically, our results show that the ease or difficulty associated with the identification of antecedents to trust may guide trustful behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that such a feeling‐based influence is particularly likely to occur in conditions of personal certainty. Together these results extend prior research in the domains of trust and economic games, and further attest to the fundamental role cognitive feelings play in social life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

迈向整合脑与经验的意识科学——Varela的神经现象学述评

意识的困难问题引发了当代意识科学所面临的最大困境：构建一个能同时阐明意识的主观性及其神经生物学基础的研究纲领。为此,Varela提出了神经现象学方案,即意识经验是脑内大尺度神经集合活动的涌现结果,神经相位同步模式就是表现形式之一。意识的主观性决定了在意识研究中必须将第一人称方法与第三人称方法结合起来,使得主观与客观数据间形成互惠的约束。