HRTEM observation of interfacial dislocations at faceted Al–Pb interfaces

Al–Pb ribbons containing 1?at.%?Pb have been produced by melt-spinning and subsequently investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the lattice mismatch of about 22% between the nanometre-sized Pb inclusions and the surrounding Al matrix is accommodated by a periodic array of misfit dislocations at the Al–Pb interface. The closing failures of Burgers circuits drawn around misfit dislocations on {111} and {100} facets identify the corresponding Burgers vectors as (a ₀/4)? 211 ? and (a ₀/2)? 110?, respectively. The Burgers vector of (a ₀/4)? 211? corresponds to the projected edge part of a 60° (a ₀/2)? 110? dislocation. The Pb inclusions themselves appear to be free of defects.     

Identifying and prioritizing factors influencing the selection of the top suppliers of e‐procurement using FDEMATEL and FANP

The aim of this study is to identify, rank, and determine the importance of factors influencing the selection of the top supplier of electronic procurement in organizations using a hybrid approach. This is a case study of Irancell Telecommunication Service Company in which fuzzy decision‐making trial and evaluation (FDEMATEL) and fuzzy analytical network process (FANP) were used. FDEMATEL was employed to determine the interaction and interrelationships among the identified criteria and subcriteria, while utilizing FANP to calculate the weights of the criteria and their relevant subcriteria to determine their priorities. Therefore, the research literature was first reviewed to identify the factors influencing the selection of suppliers. For this purpose, the experts on communication networks were interviewed to select 16 final factors as the most important subcriteria that were then categorized as 5 groups (technology, environmental, services, organizational, and commercial) on which the study was based. After extracting the criteria for ranking the suppliers, codifying evaluation questionnaire, and converting the opinions in the Likert scale, 16 criteria were finally chosen with scores above the mean. FDEMATEL was used to determine the weights of subcriteria. In the final step, FANP was employed for prioritization. Results indicate that the organizational criterion is the most influential factor; however, the criterion services is the most permeable factor. The greatest weights were obtained from production capacity and provisions and geographical situation which were weighted 0.097 and 0.039, respectively. They are also regarded as the most and least important criteria for the selection of the top supplier of e‐procurement by the experts.     

Design and the digital Bible: persuasive technology and religious reading

This article analyses two ‘digital Bibles’, products that allow the user to engage with the Bible through the screen and speakers of his/her mobile phone, tablet or computer. Both products, ‘YouVersion’ and ‘GloBible’, have been created by Evangelical Christian companies. I argue that both are designed to train the user in traditional Evangelical Christian understandings of the work of reading. Digital media offer new opportunities to guide and influence the user, and this article applies the concepts of ‘persuasive technologies’ and ‘procedural rhetoric’ to analyse the design intentions of the two digital Bibles. This approach helps us to appreciate the significance of the material form of a sacred text as a vehicle for religious socialisation and raises important questions about the potential for digital media to re-shape traditional relationships of power in Evangelical Christian communities.     

材料呈现方式和复习与否对中文电子笔记学习学习效果的影响

笔记策略的“转换假说”指出：将听觉材料写下来比将视觉材料写下来的学习效果更好。本研究以此为基础,以104名大学生为被试,采用多元方差分析的方法,探讨了材料呈现方式和复习与否对拼音键入的中文电子笔记的即时和延时学习效果的影响。结果发现,电子笔记在视觉材料上比在听觉材料上的即时学习效果更优;在间隔一周后的延时重测中,复习后的延时学习效果显著优于不复习,但复习在视觉材料组和听觉材料组中的促进作用无显著差异。     

Electronic Monitoring of Medication Adherence: When Is High-Tech Best?

The accurate measurement of medication adherence is challenging, particularly in pediatrics. Electronic monitoring has been proposed as a possible gold standard for medication adherence measurement. Electronic monitoring permits the evaluation of patterns of medication use and dose-response relationship and may be a useful part of adherence promotion interventions. The use of these devices, however, is not without costs and cautions including, expense, malfunctioning, and interference with existing adherence routines. This review examines the costs and benefits of using electronic monitoring of adherence as well as the reliability and validity of electronic monitoring in general and, where possible, for specific devices (i.e., MEMS, MDIlog, and Doser). Finally, we provide recommendations for quality control protocols to minimize many of the problems encountered when using such devices. Ultimately, the choice of adherence measurement strategy should be based on the goal of the study and the resources available.     

Serious misapplications of military research: dysfunction between conception and implementation

Researchers and technologists involved in the development of weapon systems can take their work to such extremes as to cause unplanned injury or death to others and lasting damage to the environment, reviewed here. In some cases innocent human casualties and ecological harm may actually be programmed and achieved. An analysis is proffered, attributing blame, and indicating efforts to correct the situation. The ethics involved are “complexified”, moral boundaries are exceeded, and humanity is transgressed as it develops solutions to the problem. The license to make mistakes becomes more limited with the passing of the years... Primo Levi, chemist¹ To use the term coined in 1994 by John L. Casti of the Santa Fe Institute.     

Comparison of delay discounting of different outcomes in cigarette smokers,smokeless tobacco users,e-cigarette users,and non-tobacco users

Delay discounting is the process by which a commodity loses value as the delay to its receipt increases. Rapid discounting predicts various maladaptive behaviors including tobacco use. Typically, delay discounting of different outcomes has been compared between cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. To better understand the relationship of delay discounting to different modes of tobacco use, we examined the differences in delay discounting of different outcomes between cigarette smokers, smokeless tobacco users, e-cigarette users, and non-tobacco users. In the present study, all participants completed 8 titrating delay-discounting tasks: $100 gain, $500 gain, $500 loss, alcohol, entertainment, food, a temporary health gain, and a temporary cure from a disease. Non-tobacco users discounted most outcomes less than tobacco users overall; however, there were no differences in discounting among the different types of tobacco users. These results suggest that nicotine consumption of any kind is associated with a higher degree of impulsivity compared to non-tobacco users. Adoption of tobacco products that have been perceived as less harmful (e.g., e-cigarettes) is not associated with a baseline difference or decrease in delay discounting if adopted after a history of cigarette use.     

Expanding on cross-price elasticity: Understanding tobacco product demand and substitution from the cross-price purchase task

We examine whether cigarettes serve as substitutes for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among ENDS users and demonstrate methodological extensions of data from a cross-price purchase task to inform policies and interventions. During a clinical laboratory study, n = 19 exclusive ENDS users and n = 17 dual cigarette/ENDS users completed a cross-price purchase task with cigarettes available at a fixed price while prices of own-brand ENDS increased. We estimated cross-price elasticity using linear models to examine substitutability. We defined five additional outcomes: nonzero cross-price intensity (purchasing cigarettes if ENDS were free), constant null demand (not purchasing cigarettes at any ENDS price), cross-product crossover point (first price where participants purchased more cigarettes than ENDS), dual-demand score (percentage of prices where both products were purchased), and dual-use break point (minimum relative price to force complete substitution). The cross-price elasticity results indicated that cigarettes could serve as substitutes for ENDS among ENDS users on average, but this average effect masked substantial heterogeneity in profiles of demand (here, a measure of the drug's reinforcement potential). Policies and regulations that increase ENDS prices appear unlikely to steer most exclusive ENDS users toward cigarette use, as most would not purchase cigarettes at any ENDS price, but they could prompt some dual users to substitute cigarettes completely while others remain dual users. This heterogeneity in consumer responses suggests additional indices of cross-product demand are useful to characterize the anticipated and unanticipated effects of tobacco price policies more fully.     

Development of the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale–Revised (MPVS-R) and the Multidimensional Peer Bullying Scale (MPVS-RB)

Peer victimization is a frequent occurrence for many adolescents; however, some of the psychometric properties of self-report scales assessing these experiences remain unclear. Furthermore, with an increase in access to technology, electronic aggression should also be considered. The authors examined the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (MPVS; Mynard & Joseph, 2000), and developed versions to include the assessment of electronic aggression according to whether the adolescent was the target or perpetrator of peer victimization. A total of 371 (191 girls and 180 boys; M_age = 13 years 4 months, SD_age = 1 year 2 months) adolescents in the United Kingdom completed the MPVS including five newly developed items assessing electronic aggression, a version of the MPVS designed to assess victimization perpetration, and a measure of self-esteem. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded a five-factor structure comprising: Physical, social manipulation, verbal, attacks on property, and electronic for both scales. Convergent validity was established through negative associations between the victimization scales and self-esteem. Sex differences also emerged. One revised scale and one new scale are subsequently proposed: The MPVS–Revised and the Multidimensional Peer Bullying Scale.