Two faces of human happiness: Explicit and implicit life satisfaction

Evidence is provided for implicit aspects of life satisfaction. In study 1 the implicit life satisfaction measure (ILS): (i) showed moderate reliability as well as convergent and incremental validity; (ii) appeared to be affected by temporary mood and social desirability to a lesser extent than explicit measures; and (iii) showed cultural invariance in contrast to explicit measures that revealed cross-cultural differences, as found in previous research. Study 2 showed that the ILS replicated theoretically expected differences between those known to have encountered chronically negative life experiences (North Korean defectors) and those without such experiences (South Koreans). Implications of these findings for explicit and ILS are discussed.     

观点采择对内隐刻板印象的影响研究

该研究对大学生在观点采择和控制两种条件下,性别-职业刻板印象的内隐联想测验结果的对比进行实验。研究表明：观点采择策略的干预效果明显,刻板印象的内隐效应在明显地减弱;在性别-职业刻板印象上存在内隐效应,而且没有性别差异,无论在正常情况下还是受到观点采择策略的干预,男女被试均表现出同等的情形,说明内隐刻板印象具有一定的适应性,在内隐的和无意识的水平上观点采择无法完全消除刻板印象;实验证明研究设计的性别-职业刻板印象的IAT纸笔测验版本是可行的。     

On structural models for analyzing change

The recommendation to base the analysis of multi-wave data upon explicit models for change is advocated. Several univariate and multivariate models are described, which emerge from an interaction between the classical test theory and the structural equation modeling approach. The resulting structural models for analyzing change reflect in some of their parameters substantively interesting aspects of intra- and interindividual change in follow-up studies. The models are viewed as an alternative to an ANOVA-based analysis of longitudinal data, and are illustrated on data from a cognitive intervention study of old adults (Bakes et al , 1986). The approach presents a useful means of analyzing change over time, and is applicable for purposes of (latent) growth curve analysis when analysis of variance assumptions are violated (e.g., Schaie & Hertzog, 1982; Morrison, 1976).     

Visual Imagery Processing and Knowledge of Famous Names in Alzheimer's Disease and MCI

ABSTRACT

The study of memory for famous people and visual imagery retrieval was investigated in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in the prodromal stage of AD, so-called Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Fifteen patients with AD (MMSE ≥23), 15 patients with amnestic MCI (a-MCI) and 15 normal controls (NC) performed a famous names test designed to evaluate the semantic and distinctive physical features knowledge of famous persons. Results indicated that patients with AD and a-MCI generated significantly less physical features and semantic biographical knowledge about famous persons than did normal control participants. Additionally, significant differences were observed between a-MCI and AD patients in all tasks. The present findings confirm recent studies reporting semantic memory impairment in MCI. Moreover, the current findings show that mental imagery is lowered in a-MCI and AD and is likely related to the early semantic impairment.     

Creating distinct implicit and explicit attitudes with an illusory correlation paradigm

Two studies used an illusory correlation procedure to test whether distinct implicit and explicit evaluations can result from the same learning episode. All participants learned twice as much about the qualities of one group (majority) than another (minority). In one condition, the ratio of positive to negative information was equal between groups. In other conditions, the majority group showed proportionally more positive qualities than the minority group, or vice versa. Participants in the pro-majority and pro-minority conditions formed both implicit and explicit attitudes consistent with the attitude induction. Participants in the illusory correlation condition showed the expected preference for the majority group (the illusory bias), but showed no implicit preference, suggesting distinct influences on implicit and explicit attitude formation. The effects are consistent with dual-process models in which implicit attitudes reflect accounting of covariation and explicit attitudes reflect interpretative judgments of that covariation.     

英文阅读材料的颜色对阅读成绩的影响

该文通过档案调查、实验和问卷调查的方法就大学英语六级考试中不同颜色文字对阅读成绩的影响进行了探索。在对北京大学和北京师范大学的2007年12月的5537份六级考试成绩档案的调查过程中,发现不同颜色试卷的阅读部分和总分成绩差异显著(蓝色低于黑色),但是这种差异并不大;选取26名被试进行实验的结果发现,题目难度和颜色之间存在边缘显著的交互作用,简单题目上蓝色比黑色成绩更低,但是这种差异在复杂题目上没有那么明显。进一步地,通过131份问卷调查数据得出,被试的阅读习惯为黑色,主观偏好也为黑色:这也是影响阅读成绩的主要因素。     

元记忆监控对外语语音信息加工的影响

这项研究在元记忆监控环境下考查真实教学情景中学习者对外语语音信息加工的实际效果。结果表明：在外文单词听觉再认与外文单词听觉再现测验中,无论是及时测验还是延时测验,实验组的成绩都明显高于控制组,元记忆训练对外语语音信息的加工是有影响的。     

人格测验的项目反应过程与展开模型研究述评

一些研究者提出了人格测验的项目反应理想点过程假设, 并在此基础上开发了拓广等级展开模型(GGUM)用于现有人格测验的数据分析和新量表的建构, 显示出了较优势模型更优良的一些性质。不过, 现有项目反应过程的研究结果来自于大样本的调查, 缺乏实验证据的支持, GGUM也存在不适用于分析多类别人格测验数据的局限性。未来需要对GGUM进行拓展, 剔除其主观反应类别阈限对称的限定。此外, 还要重视配对格式人格测验数据分析模型的研究和开发。     

抑郁症患者的自传体记忆特征及其应用自传体记忆测验的元分析

研究目的在于探讨抑郁症患者自传体记忆的特征以及自传体记忆测验(the autobiographical memory test, AMT)在该领域的应用情况。通过文献检索, 搜集了18篇应用AMT作为测评工具的抑郁症自传体记忆研究, 抑郁症患者566人, 正常对照组457人。元分析研究发现, 和正常对照组比较, 抑郁症组的具体性记忆减少, 概括化记忆增多, 反应迟缓。目前对这种现象的解释主要有功能性回避模型、认知执行受损模型和沉思模型; 年龄、抑郁情绪以及AMT测试程序对测试结果有明显影响; 发表偏倚和敏感性分析显示存在发表偏倚, 但稳定性较好。AMT在抑郁症研究存在灵敏度不足等局限, 作者从AMT程序、研究设计等方面提出了改善建议。     

Theoretical Orientation and Therapists' Attitudes to Important Components of Therapy: A Study Based on the Valuable Elements in Psychotherapy Questionnaire

The authors describe the inception and subsequent testing of a questionnaire on attitudes regarding how psychotherapy ought to be pursued: the Valuable Elements in Psychotherapy Questionnaire (VEP-Q). A sample of 416 Swedish therapists (161 psychodynamic, 93 cognitive, 95 cognitive behavioral, and 67 integrative/eclectic) responded to the 17-item VEP-Q. A factor analysis of these items resulted in three subscales: PDT, CBT, and Common Factor, as validated by analyses of covariance. The internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the scales were excellent. In addition to theoretical orientation, variables such as gender and basic professional training influenced how respondents answered the VEP-Q. The authors conclude that the VEP-Q seems to be an appropriate instrument for describing similarities as well as differences among practitioners of various schools of psychotherapy.