美国成人学习不良研究及其启示

随着儿童、青少年学习不良研究的逐步深入,近年来,成人学习不良成为美国等西方国家教育心理学研究新的热点。在回顾了成人学习不良概念的提出与确立后,介绍了美国学术界对成人学习不良的筛查和界定标准,并对该领域主要成果从学业发展、阅读困难、元认知和干预研究四个方面进行了概括和分析,指出成人学习不良界定标准的不统一、长期追踪研究的缺乏以及针对成人学习不良心理咨询体系的滞后等已成为当前该领域急待解决的问题。我国应在吸取国外研究成果和经验的基础上,尽快制定出符合自身国情的筛查和诊断标准,掌握学习不良在我国成人群体当中的发生率和分布状况,同时加强相关基础研究和追踪研究,争取在较短时间内建立起我国成人学习不良研究的体系。     

非言语学习不良的研究现状和展望

非言语学习不良日益成为学习不良研究的新热点,非言语学习不良的概念界定、筛查和诊断标准以及非言语学习不良的神经心理、认知、社会性和教育干预等领域取得了大量的研究成果。但是,非言语学习不良研究中还存在许多需要解决的问题,如：界定标准不统一;对非言语学习不良的系统研究有待完善;缺乏有效的干预模式及实证研究等。这些问题都需要进一步的研究、探讨     

Rapid acquisition of bias in signal detection: dynamics of effective reinforcement allocation

We investigated changes in bias (preference for one response alternative) in signal detection when relative reinforcer frequency for correct responses varied across sessions. In Experiment 1, 4 rats responded in a two-stimulus, two-response identification procedure employing temporal stimuli (short vs. long houselight presentations). Relative reinforcer frequency varied according to a 31-step pseudorandom binary sequence and stimulus duration difference varied over two values across conditions. In Experiment 2, 3 rats responded in a five-stimulus, two-response classification procedure employing temporal stimuli. Relative reinforcer frequency was varied according to a 36-step pseudorandom ternary sequence. Results of both experiments were analyzed according to a behavioral model of detection. The model was extended to incorporate the effects of current and previous session reinforcer frequency ratios on current-session performance. Similar to findings with concurrent schedules, effects on bias of relative reinforcer frequency were highest for the current session. However, carryover from reinforcer ratios of previous sessions was evident. Generally, the results indicate that bias can come under control of frequent changes in relative reinforcer frequency in both identification and classification procedures.     

A Client-Centered Model of Instructional Design for Psychoeducation Interventions in Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapists often use psychoeducational interventions in mental health settings. Recent systematic reviews have validated the efficacy of this approach, but the occupational therapy literature on the instructional design process is scarce. In this article the author reviews factors relevant to the instructional design of psychoeducation and then proposes a client-centered instructional design model that considers the client's capacity for engagement, the instructional context/environment, and the learning content demands in the selection of appropriate instructional approaches. The design process is illustrated in four vignettes using behavioral, acquisitional, cognitive, and constructivist approaches.     

The 1-2-3 Magic Program: Implementation Outcomes of an Australian Pilot Evaluation With School-Aged Children

No abstract available for this article.     

PC-Based Game Features That Influence Instruction and Learner Motivation

PC-based games are currently being used for military training, but the instructional and motivational features of such technology are not well understood. To identify features of training games that influence instruction and motivation, a popular first-person-perspective game with a military theme was analyzed empirically. Twenty-one participants played the “basic training” portion of the game, which included Army background information, virtual marksmanship training, an obstacle course, virtual weapons familiarization, and an urban terrain training mission. The results of this research provide useful information to individuals developing training games, desktop simulations, and interactive multimedia courseware to meet optimal training objectives and strategies.     

妊娠早产预测的策略分析

应用宫颈分泌物中高磷酸化胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1(phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein-1,phIGFBP-1)及宫颈长度对高危早产孕妇预测早产进行评价分析。腹部超声宫颈长度≤4.0cm结合phIG-FBP-1预测早产的阳性预测值58.33%、阴性预测值91.6%;阴道超声宫颈长度≤2.5cm结合phIGFBP-1预测早产的阳性预测值80%、阴性预测值80%。三者联合预测早产取得满意效果。这一预测策略体现了哲学的光辉。     

Mixed Picture of Readiness for Adoption of Evidence-Based Prevention Programs in Communities: Exploratory Surveys of State Program Delivery Systems

An emerging literature highlights the potential for broader dissemination of evidence‐based prevention programs in communities through existing state systems, such as the land grant university Extension outreach system and departments of public education and health (DOE–DPH). This exploratory study entailed surveying representatives of the national Extension system and DOE–DPH, to evaluate dissemination readiness factors, as part of a larger project on an evidence‐based program delivery model called PROSPER. In addition to assessing systems’ readiness factors, differences among US regions and comparative levels of readiness between state systems were evaluated. The Extension web‐based survey sample N was 958 and the DOE–DPH telephone survey N was 338, with response rates of 23 and 79 %, respectively. Extension survey results suggested only a moderate level of overall readiness nationally, with relatively higher perceived need for collaborative efforts and relatively lower perceived resource availability. There were significant regional differences on all factors, generally favoring the Northeast. Results from DOE–DPH surveys showed significantly higher levels for all readiness factors, compared with Extension systems. Overall, the findings present a mixed picture. Although there were clear challenges related to measuring readiness in complex systems, addressing currently limited dissemination resources, and devising strategies for optimizing readiness, all systems showed some readiness‐related strengths.     

Ebola,Team Communication,and Shame: But Shame on Whom?

Examined as an isolated situation, and through the lens of a rare and feared disease, Mr. Duncan's case seems ripe for second-guessing the physicians and nurses who cared for him. But viewed from the perspective of what we know about errors and team communication, his case is all too common. Nearly 440,000 patient deaths in the U.S. each year may be attributable to medical errors. Breakdowns in communication among health care teams contribute in the majority of these errors. The culture of health care does not seem to foster functional, effective communication between and among professionals. Why? And more importantly, why do we not do something about it?