Beyond the Obvious: Chronic Vividness of Imagery and the Use of Information in Decision Making

The authors investigate two competing hypotheses about how chronic vividness of imagery interacts with the vividness and salience of information in decision making. Results from four studies, covering a variety of decision domains, indicate that chronic imagery vividness rarely amplifies the effects of vivid and salient information. Imagery vividness may, in fact, attenuate the effects of vivid and salient information. This is because, relative to nonvivid imagers, vivid imagers rely less on information that appears obvious and rely more on information that seems less obvious. This tendency is so robust that vividness of imagery may amplify the effects of vivid information only when this information is the only information available in the decision field. The findings seem to reflect vivid imagers' tendency to totally immerse themselves in a decision problem and scrutinize the available information creatively.     

验证性因素分析:问卷题数及小样本应用策略

验证性因素分析在心理、教育等研究应用日广。本文引用三个模拟数据研究,提出一些在分析时的应用策略,包括用较多题目及强制同一因子的负荷相等。样本容量一般愈大愈好,但当资源等条件有限制时,上述两个技巧,可协助解决叠代收敛问题,并能更准确估计各重要参数。此外,一些方法如：每因子只得两题目、当样本只得约１００人时每因子用少於四题目、将题目合并以其平均数为指标,均可能导致不收敛、高标准误及偏差估计量等问题,不值得推荐。     

心算活动机制的研究

心算是一种重要的思维活动,是认知心理学的研究主题之一。心算活动具有明显的问题大小效应,其加工过程与工作记忆和长时记忆存在密切关系。此外,对心算的加工机制进行跨学科（认知心理学、神经科学等）的综合研究,是今后心算研究的主要方向。     

阅读保持的类比结构映射效应研究

探讨文章阅读过程中类比结构映射效应与共同元素效应对阅读信息保持的迁移作用,包括两个实验,实验Ｉ探讨前阅读的源文章与目标文章在结构上与命题上的共同性对目标文章信息保持的迁移效果,结果表明,前后阅读文献的结构共同目标文章的保持有显著的促进作用,命题共同的促进作用不显著,实验２进一步探讨在源文章与目标文章结构或命题有共同性的情况下,提示与否对目标文章的信息保持效果的影响作用,结果证明,有两种情况下,提示     

内隐与外显记忆重复学习效果的比较研究

实验采用重学—分离设计 ,分别用知觉辨认和再认测验作为内隐、外显测量的测验方法 ,比较重学—启动测验的结果与重学—再认的结果 ,发现 :重学和间接测量的结合能有效地揭示内隐记忆的叠加现象 ;一次重学能使知觉启动测验的成绩产生明显的叠加效应 ;高意识水平学习后 ,低意识水平的重复学习不能改变外显测验成绩持续下降的趋势。     

Is the inversion effect in rhesus monkeys face-specific?

This study investigated the face inversion effect in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Face stimuli consisted of ten black-and-white examples of unfamiliar rhesus monkey faces, brown capuchin faces, and human faces. Two non-face categories included ten examples of automobiles and abstract shapes. All stimuli were presented in a sequential matching-to-sample format using an automated joystick-testing paradigm. Subjects performed significantly better on upright than on inverted presentations of automobiles, rhesus monkey and capuchin faces, but not human faces or abstract shapes. These results are inconsistent with data from humans and chimpanzees that show the inversion effect only for categories of stimuli for which subjects have developed expertise. The inversion effect in rhesus monkeys does not appear to be face-specific, and should therefore not be used as a marker of specialized face processing in this species. Received: 18 November 1998 / Accepted after revision: 9 May 1999     

关联效应的实验研究

对汉语双字词的关联效应进行了实验研究,结果发现：语义关联效应显著,而语音关联效应则不存在。被试对各词再认判断确信程度和使用频率判断的模糊统计结果,在一定程度上验证了模糊痕迹理论的概括性表征、细节性表征和梗概抽取等观点,并在一定程度上验证了记忆归因理论。     

Standard errors for procrustes solutions

The asymptotic standard errors for the procrustes solutions are derived for orthogonal rotation, direct oblique rotation and indirect oblique rotation. The standard errors for the first two rotations are obtained using the augmented information matrices. For the indirect oblique solution, the standard errors of rotated parameters are derived from the information matrix of unrotated loadings using the chain rule for information matrices. For all three types of rotation, the standard errors of rotated parameters are presented for unstandardized and standardized manifest variables. Numerical examples show the similarity of theoretical and simulated values.     

The interaction between schizotypy and latent inhibition: modulation by experimental parameters

Two recent experiments (Della Casa et al., in press) yielded the typical reduced latent inhibition (LI) in high vs low schizotypy subjects after a slow, irregularly presented masking task (Stroop task), and reduced LI in low vs high schizotypy subjects after a fast, regularly presented masking task. The present experiment was aimed at testing whether speed or regularity was responsible for the different results. The present slow, regular experiment replicated the results of the former slow, irregular experiment, i.e. reduced LI in high schizotypals and significant LI in low schizotypals, indicating that speed and not regularity is the critical experimental variable. The modulation of the schizotypy—latent inhibition relationship can be attributed to differences in attentional resources or the time available to process the to-be-target stimuli during preexposure, in accordance with the hypothesis of Lubow and Gewirtz, 1995 that automatic processing of these stimuli is critical for the development of latent inhibition in adult humans. In addition, results on Stroop and negative priming effects are presented.