不同加工深度非符号数量信息的SNARC效应：眼动证据

通过两项眼动实验考察了个体在水平和垂直方向上对点阵数量进行较浅(浏览)和较深(数字比较)程度加工时的数量空间表征联系。结果显示：点阵在水平方向上出现了SNARC效应, 且SNARC效应的大小不受加工深浅的影响, 而在垂直方向上没有出现SNARC效应。表明(1)点阵数量SNARC效应的稳定性不如阿拉伯数字; (2)方向对点阵SNARC效应的影响更大, 加工程度的影响则不明显。结合加工程度、空间方向和点阵数量的自身特征等对研究发现进行了讨论, 认为数字的空间表征在多个因素的共同影响下可能呈现出多样性。     

教育现实情境取向的教育心理学研究——德国近十年教育心理学发展的基本走向

摘 要：迄今国内对德国教育心理学的发展状况了解、评介甚少。在全球化的今天,将目光聚焦于曾对心理学,其中包括教育心理学做出过巨大贡献,至今仍在国际心理学界占一席之地的德国十分必要。文章以三种德文教育心理学权威学术期刊近十年发表的论文为资料源进行分析,概括出德国教育心理学的新近发展特点是：以教育现实情境为基本研究取向,以学习者心理研究为中心,以量化研究为主并注重多方法结合,凸现了教育心理学对教育实践的指导价值。德国教育心理学发展的基本走向为：重视校外环境对学习者的影响,重视教与学双主体的相关能力及面临的问题的解决,重视以多媒体网络技术为基础的新媒体的作用、重视整合研究及国际交流等。     

练习背景下表征水平的变化

Karmiloff-Smith提出的表征重述理论认为表征重述是人类获取知识的重要途径。为探讨练习是否能够提供表征重述的机会从而促进表征水平的变化,对29名小学一年级儿童进行数字分解组合任务的研究。结果表明：（1）练习背景下约有半数儿童的表征从内隐水平发展到外显水平,但其他儿童的表征水平没有发生任何变化;（2）练习背景下儿童表征变化的路线并不完全像Karmiloff-Smith设想的那样经由程序阶段到元程序阶段再到概念化阶段,而是存在其他多种可能的发展路线;（3）练习背景下儿童获得的表征的灵活性是有限的,即可以推广到近迁移问题上,而难以推广到远迁移问题上     

Parent Involvement in School Conceptualizing Multiple Dimensions and Their Relations with Family and Demographic Risk Factors

Parent involvement (PI) in school is associated with more positive academic performance and social competence in children. However, there are inadequacies in current measures of PI and a need for a better understanding of predictors of PI. In this study, measures were obtained from a normative sample of 387 children in kindergarten and first grade from high-risk neighborhoods in 4 different sites. First, a confirmatory factor analysis of a theoretical factor model of PI identified 6 reliable multiple-reporter PI factors: Parent–Teacher Contact, Parent Involvement at School, Quality of Parent–Teacher Relationship, Teacher's Perception of the Parent, Parent Involvement at Home, and Parent Endorsement of School. Next, the relations among 3 specific family and demographic risk factors—parental education level, maternal depression, and single-parent status—and these 6 PI factors were examined using path analyses in structural equation modeling. Results indicated that the 3 risk factors were differentially associated with the 6 PI factors: Parental education was significantly associated with 4 PI outcomes, maternal depression was significantly associated with 5 PI outcomes, and single-parent status was significantly associated with 3 PI outcomes. No significant ethnic group differences between African American and Caucasian families were found in these relations.     

不同阅读水平儿童的汉字字形输出与再认

实验采用与和选择任务,对比研究了不同阅读水平儿童在汉字字形输出和再认过程中的共同点和差异。结果发现：汉字声旁的规则必影响所有阅读水平儿童听写和听选择的正确和率错误率;阅读水平低的儿童阅读水平高的儿童产生更多的同音替代;与阅读水平高的儿童相比,阅读水平低的儿童更加需要线性的帮助。文章从心理词典结构和字词加工的角度探讨了这种差异的理论含义。     

血糖水平对STZ鼠探究行为及学习记忆的影响

为了解不同血糖水平下链脲佐菌素诱导鼠（STZ鼠）探究行为与学习和记忆的变化情况,把60只STZ鼠按血糖水平分成高血糖组、良好血糖组和低血糖组3组,进行延迟时间、探究时间测定和小鼠跳台试验,并与正常对照组比较。结果发现,良好血糖组与正常对照组各检测指标均相近;3组STZ鼠延迟时间、完成迷津作业时间均按血糖值递增;组间差异显著;小鼠跳台试验中高血糖组的错误数最多,24小时后错误数最少,前后差值有组间差异;延迟时间、探究时间与血糖呈显著正相关,错误数差值与血糖呈显著负相关。结果表明,高血糖鼠的探究行为和学习能力最差,但对被动回避学习的记忆保持相对较好。     

动机与情境对不同自控水平儿童学业求助的影响

本实验以小学儿童为被试,研究了在不同动机取向和情境条件下的不同自我控制水平儿童的学业求助行为。结果表明：（１）单独无自尊压力的解难题情境比群体压力情境导致更多的求助行为。（２）低自控儿童比高自控儿童产生更多的执行性求助,但主要表现在单独无自尊压力的情境下。（３）在群体压力情境下,自我卷入的儿童比任务卷入的儿童表现出更多的求助行为。（４）在单独无自尊压力的情境下,任务卷入的儿童比自我卷入的儿童表现出     

锚测验难度水平代表性对垂直量尺化的影响研究

考察了锚测验难度水平对其来源测验水平的代表性对垂直量尺化的影响。采用模拟研究的方法,比较了锚测验难度等于来源测验、位于高低年级测验水平难度区间的第25百分位处及区间第50百分位处时,年级能力分布和垂直量尺特性上的参数返真结果,发现锚题难度水平高于其来源测验非但不会导致垂直量尺化结果变差,在有的情境下反而可能会提高其准确性。研究揭示人们构建垂直量尺时,可以根据内容和其他统计特征的需要对锚测验的难度水平做出适当调整     

Attitudes of learner drivers toward safety at level crossings: Do they change after a 360° video-based educational intervention?

In light of the growing number of level crossing accidents and the limited prevention programmes, this study examined relationships among attitudes toward traffic rules, impulsiveness, and behavioural intentions at level crossings. It explored the behavioural effects of an educational programme newly developed within the framework of the Croatian national safety project “Implementation of measures to improve the safety of the most vulnerable traffic participants at level crossings“. The programme aimed to change risky attitudes and behavioural intentions of learner drivers at level crossings. It consists of a safety lecture accompanied by pictures, videos and the exposition to a 3D virtual reality film shot at a real level crossing, which allows the participant to experience, from the driver’s perspective, safe and risky crossings. The programme was implemented in 11 driving schools. First, 285 participants (62.8% men) answered a questionnaire measuring safety attitudes toward traffic and impulsiveness, then they attended a lecture and participated in the virtual reality experience. Finally, they answered a questionnaire measuring planned future behaviour at level crossings. The results showed that attitudes toward level crossing risk significantly predicted intended driving behaviour at level crossings. Furthermore, the 360° video-based educational intervention altered the relationships connecting attitudes toward level crossings and risky driving behaviour at level crossings. The practical implications of these results are discussed.     

Predicting educational achievement from genomic measures and socioeconomic status

The two best predictors of children's educational achievement available from birth are parents’ socioeconomic status (SES) and, recently, children's inherited DNA differences that can be aggregated in genome‐wide polygenic scores (GPS). Here, we chart for the first time the developmental interplay between these two predictors of educational achievement at ages 7, 11, 14 and 16 in a sample of almost 5,000 UK school children. We show that the prediction of educational achievement from both GPS and SES increases steadily throughout the school years. Using latent growth curve models, we find that GPS and SES not only predict educational achievement in the first grade but they also account for systematic changes in achievement across the school years. At the end of compulsory education at age 16, GPS and SES, respectively, predict 14% and 23% of the variance of educational achievement. Analyses of the extremes of GPS and SES highlight their influence and interplay: In children who have high GPS and come from high SES families, 77% go to university, whereas 21% of children with low GPS and from low SES backgrounds attend university. We find that the associations of GPS and SES with educational achievement are primarily additive, suggesting that their joint influence is particularly dramatic for children at the extreme ends of the distribution.