儿童攻击行为的多方法测评研究

儿童攻击测评方法的有效性和准确性直接决定着该领域研究的水平和质量,因而测评方法的研究是该领域研究的基础性任务。本研究以济南城区三所幼儿园的177名3～4岁儿童为被试,同时运用自然观察法、母亲评定法、教师评定法和同伴提名法评定儿童攻击,采用常规统计方法和结构方程模型评估四种测评的适用特点。得出如下主要结论:1、自然观察法、同伴提名法、教师评定法和母亲评定法具有中高程度的信效度,但各有优缺点,适用研究对象不同;2、测评模型与实测数据拟合良好,同时采用多种方法可以更为准确有效地测评儿童的攻击行为。     

大学生德性自我意象演练的教育干预实验

以149名大学生为对象、运用三种方法进行了为期八周每周三学时的道德教育现场实验,考察了自我意象演练、榜样示范、移情训练三种方法对德性自我意象、对道德行为自我管理的影响,结果表明三种方法均能产生积极作用,但自我意象演练的效果尤为显著,进而对自我意象演练方法的有效性及其机制进行了探讨,可以认为该方法是一种能够有效提高大学生的德性自我意象之水平和道德行为自我管理之能力的道德教育方法。     

情景判断测验的开发程序、构思效度及研究趋势

章详细介绍情景判断测验开发的一般程序,对情景判断测验的多种形式和记分方法进行了总结和比较。同时,从情景判断测验的结果与认知能力、个性和工作经验等关系的角度出发,分析了情景判断测验的构思效度,认为情景判断测验测量的是多维构思。文章最后认为,需要从与其他构思的关系、测评指定构思、影响效度的因素以及跨文化比较等四个方面对情景判断测验开展进一步研究。     

Accuracy of retrospective memory and covariation estimation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Assessment methods relying on biased or inaccurate retrospective recall may distort knowledge about the nature of disorders and lead to faulty clinical inferences. Despite concerns about the accuracy of retrospective recall in general and in particular with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, the accuracy of retrospective recall for one's own symptoms assessed in vivo is unknown in this population. This study used a prospective ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology to create a criterion against which to assess recall accuracy in OCD patients. Although results indicated that patients’ retrospective recall of OCD symptoms was fairly accurate, they consistently overestimated the magnitude of OCD symptom covariation with non-OCD facets (e.g., sleep duration, contemporaneous stress level, etc.). Findings suggest that even when recall of OCD symptoms is accurate, patients may be inaccurate in estimating symptom covariation. The findings have implications for the research, case conceptualization, and assessment of OCD, and may extend to other disorders.     

A practical variation of a multiple-schedule procedure: brief schedule-correlated stimuli

Multiple schedules using continuous discriminative stimuli have been used to minimize children's disruptive requesting for teacher attention (e.g., colored floral leis; Tiger & Hanley, 2004; Tiger, Hanley, & Heal, 2006). The present study evaluated the effectiveness of, and children's preferences for, two multiple-schedule arrangements in which brief experimenter vocalizations served as discriminative stimuli. Results showed that brief signals were highly effective discriminative stimuli for 3 of the 4 children, and that all children preferred one or both variations of the multiple schedule to a control arrangement. For 1 child, highly discriminated responding was achieved only when continuous signals were introduced.     

Children with Autism and Their Friends: A Multidimensional Study of Friendship in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study of Israeli and American preadolescent children examined characteristics of friendship in 44 children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) compared to 38 typically developing children (TYP), as they interacted with a close friend Participants were 8-12 years of age (HFASD: Israel, n = 24; USA, n = 20; TYP: Israel, n = 23; USA, n = 15), and were matched on SES, receptive language vocabulary, child age, and gender (each study group included one girl). Multidimensional assessments included: individual behaviors of target children and observed child-friend interactions during construction and drawing scenarios; target child's and friend's self-perceived mutual friendship qualities; and mother-reported characteristics (friendship's duration/frequency; friend's age/gender/disability status). Overall, children with HFASD displayed a number of differences on individual and dyadic friendship measures. Both age and verbal abilities affected friendship behaviors. Children with HFASD and their friends perceived friendship qualities similarly, suggesting that preadolescents with HFASD have capacities for interpersonal awareness. Between-group similarities also emerged on several complex social behaviors, suggesting that friendship follows a developmental trajectory in autism and may enhance social interaction skills in autism.     

Emotional Problems Suppress Disorder/Performance Associations in Adult ADHD Assessment

Issues related to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are commonly assessed using a combination of indicators, including patient report and performance on cognitive tasks. The current study investigates the potential that emotional problems may suppress the relationship between objective continuous performance test (CPT) results and ADHD symptoms in a sample of 53 young adults referred to an outpatient clinic for cognitive evaluations, 26 of whom met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Data indicate that emotional problems and continuous performance represent unique elements of adult ADHD, whether assessed via interview or self-report. Results also indicate that emotional problems do suppress CPT–ADHD relations, suggesting that failure to control for emotional problems may account, in part, for modest associations in the literature between CPT performance and other indicators of ADHD.     

比较母亲和老师对幼儿亲社会行为的评价：一致性和预测性

采用儿童移情和亲社会反应量表,由母亲（n=86）和老师（n=8）分别对86名3-5岁儿童进行评价,并记录实验情境中儿童的亲社会反应,考察母评和师评间的一致性,以及两种评价对儿童亲社会反应的预测性。结果发现：（1）母评得分高于师评,两种评价只在男孩中存在中等程度正相关;（2）只有师评能预测男孩的亲社会反应,两种评价对女孩的亲社会反应都有预测作用。结果提示评价者间的差异反映了不同评价者在儿童亲社会行为关注点上的特点。     

他评：一种有效的人格评价手段

他评法是一种有效的人格评价手段, 甚至在一些情境下比自评法更为有效。在现实准确性模型(the Realistic Accuracy Model, RAM)以及权重平均模型(the Weighted-average Model, WAM)的基础上, 对于影响他评准确性的因素进行了梳理, 涉及熟悉性、关系质量、特质可见度以及假设相似性等。针对目前研究中存在的问题, 提出要在中国文化背景下, 进一步拓展研究对象的取样范围, 在更多不同的情境下提高研究的生态效度, 同时采用更多的人格评价手段。     

Trends in Anxiety Assessment

Trends in anxiety assessment were established by examining the methods reported in anxiety-related papers published in three prominent behavior therapy journals from 1970 to 2002. Assessment methods were categorized using Lang's three-system concept of anxiety (P. J. Lang, 1968) as an organizational framework. Analysis of the research methods suggests two primary patterns. First, multisystem assessment declined in the last several years by comparison with previous years whereas the assessment of a single response system (typically self-report) has increased. Second, among anxiety-related papers reporting multimodal assessment, physiological assessment returned to 1970s-era frequency in recent years after an upsurge in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. Some possible interpretations and implications of these trends are discussed.