Socio‐economic Status (SES) Affects Infants' Selective Exploration

Infants change their behaviours in accordance with the objects they are exploring. They also tailor their exploratory actions to the physical context. This selectivity of exploratory actions represents a foundational cognitive skill that underlies higher‐level cognitive processes. The present study compared the development of selective exploratory behaviours in high and low socio‐economic status (SES) infants. Sixty‐one 6–8‐ and 10–12‐month‐old infants were presented with rigid and flexible cubes on a tray that was half rigid and half flexible. There were SES effects for each category of exploratory behaviours: object only, surface only and object–surface interactions. Low‐SES infants engaged in comparable amounts of exploratory behaviours with high‐SES infants, but they exhibited behaviours less conducive to information uptake, compared with high‐SES infants. The results suggest difficulty for low‐SES infants in transitioning to more mature exploration strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three Futures: Nightmare,Diversion, Vision

Possible futures can, for simplicity, be reduced to three broad options: “Business-as-usual economic growth” (“Nightmare”), “Green economic growth” (“Diversion”), and “Ecological sustainability” (“Vision”). We critically discuss the feasibility and sustainability of each. We find that the Nightmare option will eventually be undermined by ecological deterioration and rising resource scarcity, while the Diversion option, we argue, is doomed to failure. The Vision option is for us the only viable future, but requires unprecedented socioeconomic changes. Regardless of path, either Earth biophysical changes, or socioeconomic changes—or possibly both—will be unprecedented. Hence, predicting the future, never easy, will become much harder.     

后疫情时代：复工阶段不同阶层的社会情绪及压力因素

本研究考察新冠肺炎疫情复工阶段,不同阶层社会情绪和压力因素随时间的变化规律。基于三次问卷调查（NT1 = 1073; NT1 = 983; NT3 =1078）发现：（1）民众社会情绪均表现为积极情绪高于消极情绪,而且随时间推进社会情绪持续向好;（2）低阶层者的社会情绪始终比高阶层者更消极;（3）民众感知的安全压力随时间下降,而经济压力随时间没有显著变化;（4）低阶层者感知到更大的经济压力,高阶层者感知到更大的安全压力;（5）安全压力在社会阶层与积极情绪和消极情绪之间起显著的中介作用,经济压力在社会阶层与消极情绪之间起显著的中介作用。研究揭示了不同社会阶层在复工阶段存在社会情绪和压力来源的差异,为有针对性进行积极社会心态治理提供启示。     

Luther's Challenge: The Power of Greed in Our Common Home

When faced with growing poverty, corrupt business practices, and the power of banking houses and lobbyists, Luther drew on his theological anthropology in order to discern the devastating power of greed in human relationships. And yet, as he admitted, greed was and is a clever master of human ambition, accepted by leaders in church, commerce, and government. His teaching on the power of greed was in continuity with the Christian tradition and yet broke new ground in his recognition that this vice possesses a social, institutional nature.     

Theological Complicity in the Disappearing of the Working Class

Contrary to popular perception, the majority of the United States population belongs to the working class, not the middle class (even under different definitions of class). But in the discourses of policy‐making, popular culture, and Christian theological scholarship alike, the working class has almost completely disappeared—which contributes to deifying economic and political inequalities. To counteract this disappearance, class must be established as a constructive theological locus, and justice for the working class (qua working class) established as both ethical norm and practical objective.     

Best friends and better coping: Facilitating psychological resilience through boys’ and girls’ closest friendships

This is a novel investigation of whether, and how, a single close supportive friendship may facilitate psychological resilience in socio‐economically vulnerable British adolescents. A total of 409 adolescents (160 boys, 245 girls, four unknown), aged between 11 and 19 years, completed self‐report measures of close friendship quality, psychological resilience, social support, and other resources. Findings revealed a significant positive association between perceived friendship quality and resilience. This relationship was facilitated through inter‐related mechanisms of developing a constructive coping style (comprised of support‐seeking and active coping), effort, a supportive friendship network, and reduced disengaged and externalising coping. While protective processes were encouragingly significantly present across genders, boys were more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of disengaged and externalizing coping than girls. We suggest that individual close friendships are an important potential protective mechanism accessible to most adolescents. We discuss implications of the resulting Adolescent Friendship and Resilience Model for resilience theories and integration into practice.     

个人自立对注意偏向影响的眼动研究

通过使用基于眼动的罗夏墨迹测验图观察任务与新异/自我观点观察任务来探究个人自立对注意偏向的影响。结果发现:(1)除了第四张图片以外,个人自立高分组在观察其他9张罗夏墨迹测验图时的眨眼率都显著或边缘显著的高于低分组;(2)个人自立高分组在观察两张新异/自我语句图片时进行新异/自我观点回视的次数都要显著多于低分组;(3)在观察第1张新异/自我语句图时,个人自立低分组对自我观点的注意明显多于新异观点。     

大学生的经济信心与职业决策自我效能的关系—— 归因和主动性人格的调节作用

通过对513名大学三年级学生的问卷调查, 本研究探讨了全球金融危机背景下大学生经济信心对其职业决策自我效能的影响, 以及内外控制点和主动性人格对此关系的调节作用。结果表明：大学生对经济发展的信心能预测其职业决策自我效能; 内外控制点和主动性人格在此关系中, 分别都起到了调节的作用; 当两者进入同一个调节模型时, 主动性人格的调节作用掩盖了内外控制点的作用。这一调节模型丰富了职业决策自我效能的研究理论, 对高校职业生涯辅导具有借鉴意义。     

Should inter-collegiate football be eliminated? Assessing the arguments philosophically

Recently, there have been discussions about whether or not inter-collegiate football should be eliminated in the US. This article philosophically assesses the arguments for its elimination as well as the arguments proffered against its elimination. While a variety of arguments are discussed, a new one is brought into the foray of philosophical investigation, one that combines the unfairness and economic arguments: the health care and medical costs to others argument. It is believed that this argument is sufficient to justify the elimination of inter-collegiate football.     

Partisan Bias and Information Discounting in Economic Judgments

Research shows that partisanship biases people's views about the economy. Yet, there is little understanding of the factors, if any, that might mitigate the influence of partisanship on these judgments or the effect of partisanship on metacognitive judgments. This study uses an experimental design to show that partisanship continues to bias economic judgments even when subjects receive direct and neutral information about specific aspects of the economy. Moreover, it extends our understanding of partisan bias by showing it has a direct effect on people's metacognitive assessments of their own attitudes—particularly the degree of uncertainty people have in their own economic judgments. However, it appears that people are aware of the conflict between their partisan‐based judgment and economic information since we observe increases in economic uncertainty when information is counter to a subject's partisan predisposition. The results provide new insight into the extent of partisan bias and the difficulty of countering partisan‐based judgments.