经济伦理道德建设：对市场经济的适应和超越

社会主义市场经济发展的现实要求我们必须加强经济伦理学道德建设。经济伦理道德建设必须建立在对市场经济的适应和超越这两个层面上 ,实现构想一种最低要求和最高要求相结合、广泛性和先进性相结合、现实性和理想性相结合的经济伦理道德价值体系 ,为进一步完善和发展社会主义市场经济体系 ,为实现社会主义四个现代化提供坚实的经济伦理保障。     

Multiple Sclerosis and Economic Well-Being: Role of Health, Age, and Duration of Illness

This study used quantitative and qualitative techniques to examine the role of health, age, and duration of illness among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in their economic well-being. Participants were 113 adults (31 males and 82 females) with MS who lived in urban and rural regions of Australia. The results demonstrated that health and age had a significant impact on both the economic well-being and psychological adjustment of people who contract this disorder. Different health variables predicted different aspects of economic well-being. Fatigue was the major health variable that predicted costs of MS and economic pressure, with age also predicting economic pressure, whereas income levels were predicted by cognitive confusion and mobility problems. Duration of illness, gender, and urban/rural location were not significant predictors of the economic variables. These results demonstrate the importance of obtaining multiple measures of economic well-being, as well as a broad range of health-related measures, in determining the impact of MS on the economic well-being of people with this disorder.     

Economy, Values and Happiness in Norway

Why has the level of happiness in the Norwegian population not risen in parallel with the substantial increases in income and possessions in the period 1985–2001? An answer is sought by analysing data from a series of large representative surveys of the Norwegian population. Individual level correlations between indicators of health or family situation and happiness indicate that the measure of happiness is valid, and that happiness is not fully determined by personality traits, but affected also by changes in the circumstances of an individual. Several aspects of a person's economic situation turn out to have significant effects on happiness, in particular how the situation is subjectively experienced. Even if the development for some of these subjective indicators does not reflect the improvement in objective economic conditions, there is sufficient positive change to expect an increase in the level of happiness. The stability in aggregate happiness means that counteracting influences must have been present. One such factor is value orientation. An increasing tendency for Norwegians to give priority to income and material possessions appears to have had an adverse effect on happiness towards the end of the last millennium.     

对付出-回报失衡理论的推进——基于经济报酬对教师心理健康的影响

付出-回报失衡作为职业健康心理学领域的重要模型,具有跨文化、跨职业、跨时间的一致性,能够显著预测心理健康,但经济报酬对心理健康的影响鲜有研究。本研究基于付出-回报失衡理论,采用格兰杰因果分析方法,检验了48712名教师症状自评量表横断历史分析的结果和薪酬统计数据之间的关系,研究发现:(1)1998~2009年教师心理健康水平显著下降,9个因子均值上升了12.7%至18.5%,躯体化、抑郁为中等效应,其余因子为大效应;2009年之后教师心理健康水平改善,除敌对因子外,其余8个因子均值下降了0.1%至2.8%,躯体化、恐怖、偏执和精神病性为小效应,其余4个因子未达到小效应。性别对教师心理健康影响不显著,职业类别对教师心理健康影响显著。(2)经济报酬显著影响心理健康。经济报酬与强迫等心理因素之间存在单向因果关系,第N期的经济报酬显著影响第N+1期的人际关系、焦虑、敌对、精神病性因子和第N+3期的强迫、偏执、抑郁因子。本研究应用症状自评量表横断历史分析结果及薪酬统计数据进行格兰杰因果检验,揭示了经济报酬与心理健康之间的单向因果关系。在经济社会发生剧烈变化的较长时间内,经济报酬对心理健康的影响不仅显著,而且呈现出平稳性,研究结果推进并丰富了付出-回报失衡理论。     

Reinforcement,Rationality, and Intentions: How Robust Is Automatic Reinforcement Learning in Economic Decision Making?

Reinforcement learning is often observed in economic decision making and may lead to detrimental decisions. Because of its automaticity, it is difficult to avoid. In three experimental studies, we investigated whether this process could be controlled by goal intentions and implementation intentions. Participants' decisions were investigated in a probability‐updating task in which the normative rule to maximize expected payoff (Bayes' rule) conflicted with the reinforcement heuristic as a simple decision rule. Some participants were asked to set goal intentions designated to foster the optimization of rational decision making, while other participants were asked to furnish these goal intentions with implementation intentions. Results showed that controlling automatic processes of reinforcement learning is possible by means of goal intentions or implementation intentions that focus decision makers on the analysis of decision feedback. Importantly, such beneficial effects were not achieved by simply instructing participants to analyze the feedback, without defining a goal as the desired end state from a first‐person perspective. Regarding intentions supposed to shut down reinforcement processes by controlling negative affect, effects were more complex and depended on the specified goal‐directed behavior. The goal intention to suppress the disappointment elicited by negative feedback was not effective in controlling reinforcement processes. Furnishing this goal with an implementation intention even backfired and strengthened unwanted reinforcement processes. In contrast, asking participants to keep cool in response to negative decision outcomes through the use of goal intentions or implementation intentions increased decisions in line with Bayes' rule. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The enduring impact of violence against children

More than one billion children – half of all children in the world – are exposed to violence every year. The violence children are exposed to includes both direct experiences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as indirectly witnessing violence in their homes, schools, and communities. What these various forms of violence share, based on a review of the literature, is their enduring potential for life-long consequences. These consequences include increases in the risks of injury, HIV, sexually transmitted infections, mental health problems, reproductive health problems, and non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes. Studies addressing biologic underpinnings of such consequences demonstrate that violence-associated toxic stress may cause damage to the nervous, endocrine, circulatory, musculo-skeletal, reproductive, respiratory, and immune systems. Furthermore, rigorous economic evaluations suggest that costs associated with the consequences of violence against children exceed $120 billion in the U.S. and account for up to 3.5% of the GDP in sub-regions of East Asia. The expanding literature confirming the mechanisms of consequences and the associated costs of violence against children has been accompanied by growing evidence on effective approaches to prevention. Moreover, the expanding evidence on prevention has been accompanied by a growing determination on the part of global leaders to accelerate action. Thus, as part of the Post-2015 Sustainable Development agenda, the UN has issued a call-to-action: to eliminate violence against children. This unprecedented UN call may foster new investments, to fuel new progress for protecting children around the world from violence and its preventable consequences.     

自立、自强特征的对比研究

先用包含1个问题的两种开放式问卷对236名被试进行词查,之后又用根据开放式问卷结果编制的封闭式问卷对256名被试进行调查,结果如下：①被试区分出了自立与自强的典型特征;②独立性、责任性和灵活性是被试最强调的自立特征,勇敢与拼搏、坚韧性和才干是被试最强调的自强特征。③心理健康是被试强调的自立者与自强者的共同特征。最后,对自立与自强的关系,自立、自强与自尊、自信的关系,自立者的典型特征,自强者的典型特征等问题进行了讨论。     

从国内有关研究看经济状况对个体幸福感的影响

通过对国内46篇涉及经济状况与幸福感关系的文献进行统计分析, 经c2检验发现, 大多数研究表明经济状况对幸福感有显著影响, 其中幸福感最低的是经济上相对较差或处于贫困状态的群体; 少数研究显示经济状况对幸福感无显著影响, 其样本来自经济发达省市或是收入有保障的群体; 还有研究表明相对经济状况对幸福感的影响大于绝对经济状况。因此, 改善弱势群体的生存质量, 关注民众非物质需要的满足, 缩小人们之间的收入差距, 将有助于提升我国各阶层民众的幸福感, 促进社会和谐。     

医疗安全问题经济后果及构成因素

医疗安全问题导致了严重的经济后果。本文分别从个人、医院、社会三个方面详细阐述了住院病人医疗安全经济后果的构成因素,以及国内外关于医疗安全经济后果的研究现状和研究进展,提出我国的医院管理中致力于医疗安全研究的必要性。     

当代学者对自立认识的概念分析

在对有关自立的文献进行广泛检索的基础上,根据有关标准纳入了136项进行概念分析。从自立的特性、结构、条件与影响因素、结果与意义、相关概念、表现与指标等方面,对当前学者关于个体自立的认识进行了梳理。发现:①学者们的论述反映出的自立特性主要包括模糊性、独立性、主动性、道德性、辩证性、过程性和心理内容丰富性7个。②自立的条件与影响因素主要包括内在因素、外在环境因素以及个人修行因素三种。③不少学者强调自立是个体生存与发展的基础和结果。④文献中与自立关系最混乱的概念依次是自强、独立、自主、自尊、自信。⑤目前还没有学者给出有效的自立评价方法与指标。最后,对自立的实质、自立人格的结构、自立研究的现状与发展以及自立研究的意义等问题进行了讨论。