AN EVOLUTIONARY CRITIQUE OF THE CREATED CO-CREATOR CONCEPT

Abstract The created co‐creator theology states that human beings have the purpose of creating the most wholesome future possible for our species and the global ecosystem. I evaluate the human aspect of this theology by asking whether it is possible for human beings to do this. Do we have sufficient knowledge? Can we be motivated to do what is necessary to create a wholesome future for ourselves and our planet? We do not at present have sufficient knowledge, but there is reason to believe that with further scientific research we will be able to acquire it. The more difficult question is whether we can be motivated to cooperate on the scale necessary to fulfill this purpose. Evolutionary theories of human sociality, altruism, and cooperation are reviewed. I conclude that it is possible for human beings to fulfill the purpose defined for us by the created cocreator concept, but doing this will not be easy.     

深层生态学与生态伦理学

本文介绍了西方新兴学科深层生态学的学科内涵、发展概况 ,论述了深层生态学与生态伦理学的关系。认为深层生态学更侧重对自然、人在自然中的位置、生态系统等进行深层的哲学追问 ,因而可以说深层生态学就是生态哲学。生态伦理学则着重研究人与自然的道德关系 ,制订自然道德原则 ,为评判人们利用自然、改造自然的目标与实践活动提供价值标准。     

Confucianism,food, and sustainability

This paper addresses the issue of ecological sustainability and the dilemma between instrumental rationality and protection of the environment through a discussion of food production. In Confucianism, all human activities, including consumption of food, are seen as inseparable from problems of value. While Confucianism stresses the importance of healthy food, it rejects viewing nature as only having instrumental value. The Confucian view of sustainability can be seen from three parts: (1) Humans should follow the murmuring of their 'heart/mind' and seek to restrict the use of natural resources as much as possible to ‘let every being manifest its mandate to the full’; (2) Harmony with nature is a premise for sustaining humanity; and (3) Finally, taking care of the fundamental needs of the people is a premise for ecological sustainability.     

农业、生态与人类健康

农业生产与人类生存密切相关。随着机械化大生产、农药和转基因作物的大量应用,农业生产已经对生态环境产生了许多严重的不可逆转的破坏,进而对人类健康构成了极大影响。     

Ethics and science: Educating the public

This article looks at the public debate which took place in the first half of the twentieth century and has repercussions to the present day. It was about the ethical stance of scientists, and how science should be organized. In particular, it examines the positions taken by Professor F. Soddy, F.R.S. and Nobel Laureate, who stressed the responsibility of scientists for the uses made of their research, Professor Michael Polanyi, F.R.S., who emphasised the obligation of scientists to the truth and the essential role of morality in the organization of science, and Professor J.D.Bernal, F.R.S., who insisted that science was practised for utilitarian reasons and should be consciously developed for the good of society.     

Protestant Ghosts and Spirits of Capitalism: Ecology,Economy, and the Reformation Tradition

This essay analyzes current Protestant perspectives on the relationship between this tradition and capitalism from the perspective of social and ecological concerns. Rather than deciding between the tradition's purity or culpability in the rise of capitalism, this essay suggests that those concerned with both the future of the tradition and social/eco‐justice must acknowledge both the tradition's congruence with global capitalism and the tradition's prophetic ability to critique and propose alternatives.     

Local Religious Subcultures and Generalized Social Trust in the United States

Using multilevel analyses of 21,193 General Social Survey respondents nested within 256 metropolitan areas and counties, we find that individuals’ willingness to trust others is strongly related to the denominational make‐up of geographic areas. The percent of evangelical Protestants in the population negatively predicts individual‐level generalized trust, while percent mainline Protestant and percent Catholic positively predict trust. The effect sizes of these results are large and robust to statistical controls, and they hold even among nonmembers of the religious groups; for instance, “percent evangelical” predicts lower trust even among nonevangelicals. Black Protestant population share initially appears to predict lower trust, but the association disappears after adjusting for racial residential segregation. Following a longstanding theoretical tradition in the sociology of religion, we argue that the religious characteristics of places—not just individuals—shape local subcultures in ways that affect a broad range of behaviors, attitudes, and values such as generalized trust.     

制度伦理:建构和谐社会的伦理支撑——论制度伦理与和谐社会伦理生态之共契

制度伦理是对建构和谐社会“良序情结”的一种回应,不管从制度伦理对建构和谐社会的功能助益,甚或二者在理性诉求和终极眷注方面的公度与通约,都可以看出,制度伦理与和谐社会二者之间是一种互构互益性的关系。制度伦理与和谐社会伦理生态之契合还体现了人类社会共同的美学期待。     

生态学马克思主义与马克思主义的当代发展——《自然的理由——生态学马克思主义研究》述评

要发展马克思主义,首先必须构建发展马克思主义的当代基点和平台。实现马克思主义与生态学的结合,是发展马克思主义的理论基点之一。西方生态学马克思主义试图运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法,揭示马克思主义与生态学的关联,揭示资本主义的反生态性质和社会主义与生态发展的兼容性,是西方马克思主义者试图发展马克思主义的当代尝试。     

深层生态学的精神资源与文化根基

通过梳理深层生态学与西方传统哲学(古希腊哲学、斯宾诺莎、新黑格尔主义)、东方思想(儒家、道家、道元、甘地)、以及现代西方思想(怀特海、后期海德格尔、人本主义心理学)之间在本体论、认识论、方法论和价值观方面的联系,本文试图为深层生态学的创造潜力、精神生命力和文化魅力提供某种跨文化的注解和说明。