Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Robert Shaw Trust in the Balance; Building Successful Organizations on Results, Integrity and Concern Louis H. Janda Psychological Testing: Theory and Applications David Ulrich, Michael R. Losey and Geraldine Lake, (eds) Tomorrow's HR Management: 48 Thought Leaders Call For Change     

On the Psychological Significance of the Euclidean Representation of Implicit Personality Theory

The overall purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychological significance of the Euclidean representation of implicit personality theory (IPT) by testing the predictive usefulness of this representation. Multidimensional scaling analyses of 18 subjects' estimates of assumed trait co-occurences (IPT) gave Euclidean trait-distance matrices which were used to predict the subjects' trait-to-trait inferences. The results showed that: (1) The Euclidean representations of subjects' IPTs can be used to predict ( p < 0.10) most subjects' (14 of 18) trait-to-trait inferences; (2) The similarity between the Euclidean representation of subjects' IPTs was positively correlated (r_s = 0.43, p < 0.001) with the similarity between subjects' trait-to-trait inferences. These results suggest that the Euclidean representation of IPT has some predictive value, and thus, may at least to some extent, be justified and considered as psychologically significant.     

Semantic and episodic predictions of memory for plans1,2,3

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the planning process within memory for plans. Experiment 1 examined the effect of self‐involvement on memory for a 1‐day plan, in which approximately half of the 104 undergraduate participants were instructed to assume that the plans were their own while the other half were told only to memorize them. A U‐shaped curve, indicating better recall for morning and evening plans than for afternoon ones, was observed only with the first group. Experiment 2 was designed to further clarify the planning strategies of memory for plans, in which approximately half of the 77 undergraduate participants were asked to imagine executing the plans while the other half were given a more limited strategy. U‐shaped curves were observed in both conditions, with memory performance being higher for the first group. These results are interpreted as indicating that the semantic prediction of future plans conforms to a U‐shaped curve, while the episodic prediction of future plans enhances memory performance.     

反社会变态人格倾向测验的编制与预测性分析

本研究通过编制专用问卷,筛查反社会变态人格高危险人群,为我国征兵心理检测提供有效工具。结果,《反社会变态人格倾向问卷》由168个条目组成,为3维9因子结构,具有很好的信度和效度,符合应征人群的行为特点,预测研究证实是评价反社会变态人格倾向的有效工具。     

视觉运动追踪的加工过程

视觉运动追踪是运动知觉研究的一个重要领域。通过构建视觉运动追踪的过程模型和分析每个阶段的认知加工任务, 可以帮助人们认识运动物体识别的本质。视觉运动追踪包括目标获取和运动追踪两个加工过程：目标获取阶段的主要任务是将目标与背景分离, 集中注意力加工追踪目标; 运动追踪阶段的主要任务是启动平滑追踪眼动和追赶性眼跳, 并发挥行为水平、眼动水平和神经活动水平的预测机制。目标获取同时受背景和目标的运动特征和身份特征影响; 运动追踪系统发挥预测机制的基础是客体表征连续性, 而客体表征连续性的建立同时依赖于目标时空属性和身份特征的编码加工。因此, 视觉运动追踪是视觉系统对客体运动信息和身份语义信息整合的结果。其中, 客体运动信息的加工特性已经获得了比较广泛的研究, 而语义信息加工机制还有待进一步加强。     

负性生活事件、社会支持和创伤后应激障碍症状：对汶川地震后青少年的追踪研究

创伤后应激障碍是灾难后常见的心理病理问题, 灾后继发负性生活事件和社会支持是影响创伤后应激障碍症状的重要因素。该研究采用追踪设计, 历时2年对汶川地震后都江堰地区1573名青少年进行3次测查, 考察震后继发负性生活事件、不同类型社会支持与创伤后应激障碍症状之间的相互作用关系。研究发现：不同类型的社会支持与震后继发负性生活事件、创伤后应激障碍症状存在不同的作用关系; 震后继发负性生活事件不仅直接影响个体的心理健康还对个体的社会支持系统有损害; 震后负性生活事件、主观支持与创伤后应激障碍症状存在联动效应, 即三者中任一方面的变化都可能引起其他方面的变化。     

Personality assessment in the Great Apes: Comparing ecologically valid behavior measures, behavior ratings, and adjective ratings

Three methods of personality assessment (behavior measures, behavior ratings, adjective ratings) were compared in 20 zoo-housed Great Apes: bonobos (Pan paniscus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). To test a new bottom-up approach, the studied trait constructs were systematically generated from the species’ behavioral repertoires. The assessments were reliable, temporally stable, and showed substantial cross-method coherence. In most traits, behavior ratings mediated the relations between adjective ratings and behavior measures. Results suggest that high predictability of manifest behavior is best achieved by behavior ratings, not by adjectives. Empirical evidence for trait constructs beyond current personality models points to the necessity of broad and systematic approaches for valid inferences on a species’ personality structure.     

不同维度特征的共存对归类不确定性特征推理的影响

探讨在归类不确定的情境下,目标特征和预测特征的共存对特征推理的影响。共包括了三个实验,其中实验1、2考察了非靶类别中目标特征和预测特征的共存性对特征推理的影响,实验3考察了靶类别中目标特征和预测特征的共存性对特征推理的影响。三个实验五个分实验的结果一致支持了修正后的Bayesian规则,排除了“单类说”、“综合条件概率模型”的假设,并进一步修正了Bayesian规则为：     

青少年地震应激反应模型

以亲历“5．12”地震的四川青川、绵竹327名青少年为被试,考察了青少年在地震情境下的应激反应,探讨了应激源与认知评价、应对方式、应激反应的关系,检验了认知评价、应对方式在应激源与应激反应间的中介作用。结果表明：青少年在地震后出现一些显著的生理反应（胸闷、食欲不佳、头晕）、心理反应（悲伤、易惹、恐惧、注意力减退）以及社会功能的退缩,且存在显著的性别差异;变量各维度间的相关分析表明,除混合型应对方式与应激源的物质丧失之间相关不显著外,其它变量各维度间均存在不同程度的相关;中介效应分析表明,认知评价、应对方式在应激源与应激反应间存在中介作用,且认知评价的中介效应大于应对方式的中介效应,而认知评价又可以通过应对方式影响应激反应。     

四川灾区群众社会支持系统现状及其与主观幸福感的关系

研究5·12汶川地震后四川灾区群众的社会支持系统现状及其与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法：使用自编社会支持量表和简式主观幸福感问卷对四川省什邡市洛水镇村民和温州地区居民的社会支持和主观幸福感调查了解,社会支持源被划分为8个,共有2个项目,主观幸福感包括3个分量表,分别是12个项目的积极情绪和消极情绪以及5个条目的生活满意度。结果：1）灾区社会支持按照来源可分为人情支持与公共支持;2）在灾难后,什邡地区的群众更依赖于公共支持而温州地区群众更依赖于人情支持;3）公共支持与消极情绪之间存在显著的负相关。结论：除了与温州地区一样都依赖于人情支持外,四川灾区群众更依赖于公共支持,尤其是中央政府的支持,并且公共支持有助于缓解受灾群众的消极情绪。