AN ANALYSIS OF A GROUP TEACHING PROCEDURE FOR PERSONS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

This study evaluated whether a concurrent group teaching procedure, in which all students respond simultaneously, could be used for persons with moderate or severe mental retardation. The teaching procedure used was the Task Demonstration Model, a program based on stimulus-control research and the fading techniques of behavioral psychology. Three teachers and three groups of students participated. Results showed that the teachers increased their rates of questions and instructions, positive feedback, and use of functional materials, but they reduced their rate of prompts to almost zero. Students increased their percentage and rate of correct responding as well as their engaged time. In addition, maladaptive responding, for which there were never any direct consequences, decreased from 45% to 10% for 8 of the 14 students. Results are discussed primarily in two areas: (a) changing stimulus control from teacher prompts to critical elements of the items being taught, and (b) reasons for the reduction of maladaptive behavior for 8 of the subjects.     

Peer review for journals: Evidence on quality control, fairness, and innovation

This paper reviews the published empirical evidence concerning journal peer review consisting of 68 papers, all but three published since 1975. Peer review improves quality, but its use to screen papers has met with limited success. Current procedures to assure quality and fairness seem to discourage scientific advancement, especially important innovations, because findings that conflict with current beliefs are often judged to have defects. Editors can use procedures to encourage the publication of papers with innovative findings such as invited papers, early-acceptance procedures, author nominations of reviewers, structured rating sheets, open peer review, results-blind review, and, in particular, electronic publication. Some journals are currently using these procedures. The basic principle behind the proposals is to change the decision from whether to publish a paper to how to publish it. The author, a professor of marketing at the Wharton School since 1968, was a founder editor of the Journal of Forecasting and the International Journal of Forecasting. This paper is based on a presentation at a workshop, “Advances in Peer Review Research”, American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting, Baltimore, MD, February 9, 1996.     

父母行为控制、心理控制与青少年早期攻击和社会退缩的关系

考察父母行为和心理控制与青少年早期攻击和社会退缩有无特异性联系、是否存在非线性关系、是否以情绪调节策略(认知重评和表达抑制)作为中介。694名青少年(平均年龄13.67岁)完成了父母控制问卷、情绪调节量表、青少年攻击以及社会退缩量表。结果表明:(1)行为控制和心理控制均与两类结果有关,未表现出\"一对一\"的特异性联系;(2)行为控制与两类结果呈倒U型曲线关系,心理控制与两类结果呈线性关系;(3)认知重评在心理控制与攻击之间具有部分中介作用,表达抑制在心理控制与社会退缩之间具有部分中介作用。     

高述情障碍者的情绪图式特征

采用混合实验设计,以情绪词和情绪图片为实验材料,选取不同述情障碍得分的大学生为被试,通过三个实验考察了高述情障碍者的情绪图式特征。研究结果发现：（1）高述情障碍组被试对情绪词的效价判断反应时显著长于低述情障碍组,述情障碍各维度得分均与情绪词的效价判断反应时呈显著正相关;（2）高述情障碍组被试对情绪图片的效价判断反应时与低述情障碍组相比差异不显著;（3）高述情障碍组被试情绪图式联结所需反应时显著长于低述情障碍组,情感描述困难与情绪图式联结所需反应时之间相关显著。研究结论如下：高述情障碍者存在情绪语言图式和参考性链接上的缺陷,而在情绪意象上并不存在积极/消极区分能力方面的缺陷     

珠心算训练儿童加法心算的ERP早成分研究

采用事件相关电位(ERP)的方法,对32名儿童进行了双位数加法心算实验,探讨了珠心算训练方式对儿童加法心算加工早期感知觉的影响。研究结果表明,与非珠心算训练儿童相比,在加法心算过程的早期阶段,珠心算训练儿童枕部P1、额中央区的N1波幅增大,而颞枕区N170以及额中央区P2波幅减小。本研究结果发现珠心算训练对儿童心算过程的早期感知有显著影响。     

关系因素与个体因素在儿童早期社会能力中的作用

采用儿童早期行为评价量表、亲子关系量表和师生关系量表,对443名幼儿的父母和教师进行了测查,在生态系统理论的框架下探讨了儿童性别、年级及父子、母子、师生关系对早期社会能力的影响。结果发现:小班和中班儿童的师生关系好于托班;女孩的社会能力高于男孩,小班和中班儿童的社会能力高于托班。控制了性别与年级的作用之后,父子、母子与师生关系对儿童社会能力都有显著的正向预测作用,但三者的平均值具有最强的预测作用,这一结果支持了多重关系作用于儿童发展的\"平均化假说\"。     

民初政治道德建构思想的历史透视——以《正谊》杂志为中心

民国初期,部分社会志士以《正谊》杂志为阵地,以道德救亡为主旨,围绕高扬道德为共和所需理念、确立道德因时更张理论、主张铸就共和道德精神、提倡规范国民言行、坚信重塑人格为救亡要途展开政治道德的理论诠释。此举与学理清算道德堕落、名实相悖,官僚治国、“恶精神”泛滥,官无人格、寡廉鲜耻,人心颓废、思潮隳堕等弊端联系在一起。欲藉反省自爱、外力逼迫、典型示范、塑造人格等方法以重铸近代政治理想人格,进而达到实际救亡之目的。