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131.
例行体检不同于早期肿瘤筛查。早期肿瘤筛查也称机会筛查,是需要针对不同肿瘤的流行病学与发病特点,进行人群的选择。主要从已发表的文献,目前肿瘤筛查的现状、指南及专家相关建议出发,对早期肿瘤筛查及例行体检的特点做了简单剖析,同时对两者的优缺点等方面做了讨论。在此基础上,突出揭示了如何正确做好肿瘤早期筛查的必要性。结合实际自身情况及现有相关政策的情况下,合理选择筛查方式,将筛查成本效益最大化。 相似文献
132.
Jonathan Koscheski 《The Journal of religious ethics》2011,39(1):100-124
Many Christian historians and theologians hold the opinion that the early church condemned wholesale an active involvement in bloodshed. However, in light of evidence drawn from early Christian texts, most notably literature dealing with martyrdom, one finds that stance overly simplified. In fact, forms of early Christianity not only glorified war and violence in certain contexts but actively sought it out. This article enters into this conversation by applying a theory championed by Mark Juergensmeyer's Terror in the Mind of God. While this theory deals with modern examples of religious cultures of violence, his “stages of symbolic empowerment” apply surprisingly well to certain communities within the early orthodox church. The cosmic war complex that leads to nefarious figures such as the fanatic suicide bomber can be seen at work within the nascent matrix of the Church, which produced victims and warriors in the form of the voluntary martyrs. 相似文献
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Xiaomeng Chen Zehui Liu Ming-Hui Lu Xiaoxue Yao 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(1):112-129
This study examined the role of early visual experience and age in the recognition of emotional prosody among students with visual impairments in China. A total of 75 primary and junior high school students participated in the study. The ability of participants to recognize the prosody of four basic emotions (sadness, anger, happiness, and neutrality) was explored. The findings were as follows. (1) Early visual experience had a significant effect on the recognition of emotional prosody. The accuracy rate of students with congenital blindness was lower than that of students with adventitious blindness, and the performance of students with congenital blindness was lower than that of sighted students. The students with congenital blindness exhibited the slowest recognition speeds. (2) Age had a significant effect on the emotional prosody recognition accuracy of the sighted students, but it had no effect on the students with blindness. 相似文献
135.
This study evaluated whether a concurrent group teaching procedure, in which all students respond simultaneously, could be used for persons with moderate or severe mental retardation. The teaching procedure used was the Task Demonstration Model, a program based on stimulus-control research and the fading techniques of behavioral psychology. Three teachers and three groups of students participated. Results showed that the teachers increased their rates of questions and instructions, positive feedback, and use of functional materials, but they reduced their rate of prompts to almost zero. Students increased their percentage and rate of correct responding as well as their engaged time. In addition, maladaptive responding, for which there were never any direct consequences, decreased from 45% to 10% for 8 of the 14 students. Results are discussed primarily in two areas: (a) changing stimulus control from teacher prompts to critical elements of the items being taught, and (b) reasons for the reduction of maladaptive behavior for 8 of the subjects. 相似文献
136.
J. Scott Armstrong 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(1):63-84
This paper reviews the published empirical evidence concerning journal peer review consisting of 68 papers, all but three
published since 1975. Peer review improves quality, but its use to screen papers has met with limited success. Current procedures
to assure quality and fairness seem to discourage scientific advancement, especially important innovations, because findings
that conflict with current beliefs are often judged to have defects. Editors can use procedures to encourage the publication
of papers with innovative findings such as invited papers, early-acceptance procedures, author nominations of reviewers, structured
rating sheets, open peer review, results-blind review, and, in particular, electronic publication. Some journals are currently
using these procedures. The basic principle behind the proposals is to change the decision from whether to publish a paper
to how to publish it.
The author, a professor of marketing at the Wharton School since 1968, was a founder editor of the Journal of Forecasting and the International Journal of Forecasting.
This paper is based on a presentation at a workshop, “Advances in Peer Review Research”, American Association for the Advancement
of Science Meeting, Baltimore, MD, February 9, 1996. 相似文献
137.
Jack W. Finney Mark D. Weist Patrick C. Friman 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1995,28(1):39-46
We evaluated the effects of two health education teaching methods, a pamphlet based on a task-analyzed checklist and two professionally developed films, on the completeness, accuracy, and maintenance of testicular self-examinations (TSE). Subjects (N = 48) were videotaped while performing a TSE after training and at a follow-up visit. Direct observation of the tapes showed that checklist-based training resulted in more complete and longer TSEs (p < .05). Social validation ratings, however, suggested that physicians were unable to discriminate reliably the performances of subjects taught using the two methods. Accuracy of detection of simulated lesions on plastic models was also similar for the two groups. Adherence to TSE recommendations was high during the study, but declined across the follow-up period. Further study is needed to promote adherence to TSE and to document the effects of early detection on morbidity and mortality of testicular cancer. 相似文献
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