Gender differences in the intention to react to aggressive action at home and in the workplace

This study explored gender differences in escalatory tendencies, defined as individuals' intentions to react when faced with the prospect of potential aggression from others. The escalatory tendencies are based on an interaction unit of analysis, which is a proxy representation of behavioral intention from planned behavior theory. This study consists of a convenience sample of 264 male and female participants who were asked to report their escalatory tendencies following verbal and physical forms of aggression committed by various hypothetical offenders, including their intimate partner at home, as well as the men and women at work who are in higher, lower, or equal positions. The main findings support the assumptions that escalatory tendencies toward verbal aggression are higher than those toward physical aggression; that escalatory tendencies at work are higher toward lower status workers than toward those of higher status; that escalatory tendencies within the same gender are higher than between genders; and that women tend to escalate more against their spouses than do men. The findings emphasize the importance of studying aggression and escalatory tendencies in context. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–9, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

汉语词汇产生中词汇选择和音韵编码之间的交互作用

采取图画－词汇干扰实验范式,探索汉语单音节词汇产生中词汇选择和音韵编码之间的交互作用。实验一探测目标图画语义相关项的语音激活,观察到了非目标项的语音激活。实验二探测目标图画语义相关项的字形激活,未发现非目标项的字形激活。在改进实验条件的基础上,实验三验证实验一和二,并探测目标图画字形相关项的语音激活以及语音相关项的字形激活,结果未探测到语义相关项的字形或语音激活、语音相关项的字形激活,只发现了字形相关项的语音激活。实验一至三的结果表明汉语词汇产生中存在目标字字形相关项的语音激活,但不存在从音韵编码阶段至词汇选择阶段的激活反馈。综合上述结果,从是否存在多重的字形或语音激活,以及是否存在从音韵编码至词汇选择的反馈两个方面进行了讨论。研究结果倾向于支持词汇产生中层叠式理论的观点     

Young Natural-Number Arithmeticians

ABSTRACT— When preschoolers count to check their arithmetic predictions, their counts are better than when they simply count a set of items on count-only tasks. This is so even for 2 1/2- and 3-year-olds dealing with small values. Such results lend support to the view that learning about verbal counting benefits from a nonverbal count-arithmetic system and challenge theories that place understanding of verbal counting at 4 1/2 or 5 years. That preschoolers readily engage in predicting-and-checking number tasks has implications for educational programs.     

儒家伦理讨论中的六大概念问题

关于儒家伦理问题的讨论一直是中国哲学史界与伦理学界的一个热门话题,许多学者都抱着真挚的热情与善良的意愿努力开掘儒家传统伦理思想中的精微意蕴,并力图为现实生活与社会提供某种可资借鉴的范本。应当说其中的不少工作都有着深刻的理论价值和一定的现实意义,但也不能不看到,在讨论中有不少关涉核心问题的概念显得比较模糊甚或混乱,主要有伦理与德性、实践与思想、当然与可能、大众与精英、他律与自律、早期(先秦)儒家与后期(宋明)儒家等。对这些不同的概念做一辨析和梳理,将有利于关于儒家伦理问题的讨论在更深入和更精确的层面上进行。     

The Effectiveness of Argumentative Strategies

In this article, I further analyze the notion of the effectiveness of argumentative strategies, introduced in Jovičić, 2001. The most relevant achievements of the theories of reasonable discussion and the theories of persuasion are called to mind with the aim of explaining the mechanism of the argumentative effectiveness. As a result, a procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of argumentative strategies is suggested.     

早期前列腺癌治疗的临床决策

早期前列腺癌治疗方法多种多样,临床医生根据患者不同的病理分期、分级及身体条件,做出符合患者个体的临床治疗决策,以期在目前条件下达到最佳治疗效果,降低医疗费用及提高生活质量。     

中医学形成初期的哲学思考

中医学在形成早期,受<易经>的影响,<易经>中的取像类比和"取譬"自然的思维模式、方法对中医学的形成更是深刻的.早期的医家在治病中充分运用哲学思想,取得良好的效验.通过传统医学称谓的变化,可以看出医学与非医学的剥离过程.     

遗传与环境的相关及交互作用分析--兼评行为遗传学研究方法的新进展

遗传与环境的“相关”与“交互作用”这两个既有联系又相区别的概念的提出,使人们对传统的行为遗传学研究有了新的认识。该文在此分析的基础上,提出利用精巧的实验设计及分子遗传分析对两者进行考察的新方法,并对已有行为遗传学研究方法存在的局限与发展前景予以简要评述。     

Optimal or Typical Performance? The Impact of Instructional Set on the Behavioral Assessment of Parent-Child Interactions

The behavioral assessment of parent-child interactions is an important component of treatment planning and evaluation in many evidence-based parent training programs. However, numerous factors unrelated to the parent-child interaction may add error to the assessment. This study investigated the impact of task instructions on parents’ behaviors during the analogue parent-child interaction observation, the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS). Forty-eight mother-child dyads were randomly assigned to one of two conditions that differed on level of specificity of instructions. Significant differences were observed between groups, with parents who received specific instructions using more praises during the DPICS tasks. Specific instructions may shift parents’ behaviors toward optimal, rather than typical, interaction patterns and should be considered in the context of the assessment goals.