文化心理学方法论的扩展性探索

方法论对于一个学科的发展至关重要。从根本上说,方法论的基本内涵是关于研究对象与研究方法及二者关系的理论预设,而其核心目标是实现研究对象与研究方法的匹配。从文化心理学的研究现状看,现有的方法论尚未实现研究对象与研究方法之间的协调,从而构成文化心理学发展的潜在困境。基于对文化心理学的理论诉求和研究现状的把握,本文提出了文化心理学方法论的六个扩展方向:研究对象上从外显到内隐、从元素到整体、从抽象到具体; 研究方法上从现象到机制、从单向到双向、从静态到动态。     

Safety of bicyclists in roundabouts with mixed traffic: Video analyses of behavioural and surrogate safety indicators

Although converting an intersection into a roundabout has been shown to result in fewer injury accidents for both motor vehicle drivers and pedestrians, the effect on bicyclists’ safety is unclear or even negative. This study focuses on roundabouts without bicycle facilities (i.e., mixed traffic conditions) and makes use of semi-automated video observation software with the aim of analysing bicyclists’ behaviour and safety on roundabouts with different diameter. Four urban roundabouts in Belgium are observed. Interactions between bicyclists and other vehicles are analysed using speed, lateral position and five indicators to describe the closeness of interactions (TTC_min, PET, T_{2 min}, lateral overtaking proximity and minimum distance headway). Additionally, the lateral position and riding speed of bicyclists that are in interaction with other vehicles is compared with the behaviour of bicyclists that are not in interaction with other vehicles.The behavioural analysis revealed that regardless of the type of condition (free-flow bicyclists or different interactions bicyclist-car), bicyclists always ride faster on roundabouts with big diameter and slower on roundabouts with small diameter. Moreover, bicyclists ride closer to the central island on roundabouts with big diameter compared to roundabouts with small diameter for all the conditions analysed.The analysis of surrogate safety indicators (TTC_min, PET, T_{2 min}) revealed that close interactions between bicyclists and cars are relatively frequent at both small and big roundabouts. The percentages of close interactions are more or less equal for roundabouts with big diameter (7.86% of observed interactions) and roundabouts with small diameter (8.24%). The analysis of the indicators to describe the closeness of interactions also showed that the closest interactions at roundabouts are all situations where the bicyclist has a leading role. The analysis of the most common types of close interactions revealed indeed that the most common close interactions are interactions where the bicyclist is entering the roundabout. The analysis of lateral overtaking proximity showed that bicyclists who overtake a car take smaller lateral overtaking proximities compared to cars overtaking a bicyclist. The analysis of minimum distance headway finally revealed that bicyclists who ride behind a car take smaller distance headways compared to cars driving behind a bicyclist.     

Evidence for discrete profiles of children’s physiological activity across three neurobiological system and their transitions over time

The conceptualization of stress‐responsive physiological systems as operating in an integrated manner is evident in several theoretical models of cross‐system functioning. However, limited empirical research has modeled the complexity of multisystem activity. Moreover few studies have explored developmentally regulated changes in multisystem activity during early childhood when plasticity is particularly pronounced. The current study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to evaluate multisystem activity during fall and spring of children's transition to kindergarten in three biological systems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Latent transition analysis (LTA) was then used to examine the stability of profile classification across time. Across both timepoints, three distinct profiles of multisystem activity emerged. One profile was characterized by heightened HPA axis activity (HPA Axis Responders), a second profile was characterized by moderate, typically adaptive patterns across the PNS, SNS, and HPA axis (Active Copers/Mobilizers), and a third profile was characterized by heightened baseline activity, particularly in the PNS and SNS (Anticipatory Arousal/ANS Responders). LTA of fall‐to‐spring profile classifications indicated higher probabilities that children remained in the same profile over time compared to probabilities of profile changes, suggesting stability in certain patterns of cross‐system responsivity. Patterns of profile stability and change were associated with socioemotional outcomes at the end of the school year. Findings highlight the utility of LPA and LTA to detect meaningful patterns of complex multisystem physiological activity across three systems and their associations with early adjustment during an important developmental transition.     

A Type Reduction from Proof-conditional to Dynamic Semantics

Dynamic and proof-conditional approaches to discourse (exemplified by Discourse Representation Theory and Type-Theoretical Grammar, respectively) are related through translations and transitions labeled by first-order formulas with anaphoric twists. Type-theoretic contexts are defined relative to a signature and instantiated model-theoretically, subject to change.     

对语言神经机制的新认识

本文针对语言神经机制的研究现状,分析了失语症和裂脑人研究的成果,并且较为详细地介绍了最近十年脑功能成像得到的有关语言神经活动的新成就,在此基础上,提出了一种动态分布式竞争的解释理论,用来解释语言神经活动现象和规律,并进一步借以说明言语意识的产生机制。     

The Dynamics of General Developmental Mechanisms: From Piaget and Vygotsky to Dynamic Systems Models

Dynamic systems theory conceives of development as a self-organizational process. Both complexity and order emerge as a product of elementary principles of interaction between components involved in the developmental process. This article presents a dynamic systems model based on a general dual developmental mechanism, adapted from Piaget and Vygotsky. The mechanism consists of a conservative force, further strengthening the already-consolidated level, and a progressive force, consolidating internal contents and procedures at more advanced levels. It is argued that this dual mechanism constitutes one of the few basic laws of learning and change, and is comparable to the laws of effect and of contiguity. Simulation studies suggest that this dual mechanism explains self-organization in developmental paths, including the emergence of discrete jumps from one equilibrium level to another, S-shaped growth, and the occurrence of co-existing levels.     

认知特征、场独立性与飞行空间定向关系的研究

通过认知分化测验（ＣＬＢ）、团体镶嵌图形测验（ＧＥＦＴ）以及飞行定向水平的模糊评价技术,旨在检验认知特征、场独立性和飞行空间定向水平之间的关系。研究结果表明;（１）高水平的视觉空间认知能力及较强的场独立性特征不仅有助于获得一个良好的飞行定向水平,而且还构成了预测定向水平差异的有效指标;（２）场独立性特征与空间认知特征之间存在着一个很高的相关。具有较强场独立性特征的飞行员往往也具有较为典型的空间认知特征;（３）错觉水平较低的飞行员与中、重度错觉水平组飞行员在空间认知、认知分化和场独立性上的得分分别构成了显著的差异,表明轻度组飞行员在空间定向中表现出了良好的视觉空间信息组织、加工和某些元认知技能方面的优势。研究结果进一步证明了视觉空间认知加工和场独立性水平与飞行空间定向之间的紧密关系。     

Archetypes as action patterns1

Abstract: The discovery of mirror neurons by researchers at the University of Parma promises to radically alter our understanding of fundamental cognitive and affective states. This paper explores the relationship of mirror neurons to Jung's theory of archetypes and proposes that archetypes may be viewed as elementary action patterns. The paper begins with a review of a proposed interpretation of the fainting spells of S. Freud in his relationship with Jung as an example of an action pattern that also defines an archetypal image. The challenge that mirror neurons present to traditional views in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, however, is that they operate without recourse to a cognitive processing element. This is a position that is gaining increasing acceptance in other fields as well. The paper therefore reviews the most recent claims made by the Boston Process of Change Study Group as well as conclusions drawn from dynamic systems views of development and theoretical robotics to underline the conclusion that unconscious agency is not a requirement for coherent action. It concludes with the suggestion that this entire body of research may lead to the conclusion that the dynamic unconscious is an unnecessary hypothesis in psychoanalysis and analytical psychology.     

篇章阅读的动态理解观和计算机模拟的应用

篇章阅读中信息加工的研究一直是文本心理学以及相关科学研究的热点问题。近几年,篇章阅读的动态理解观和计算机模型的影响力正逐步增大。与先前阅读加工观相比,动态理解观整合了阅读的即时加工和延时表征以及两者之间动态的相互关系,并试图捕捉篇章中的每一概念在整个阅读过程中不断变化的激活情况。利用计算机模型研究阅读加工则不像以往的研究方法都需要利用被试的实际阅读反应,在阅读理论的基础上编制的计算机模型能够模拟出人们阅读中的即时表现和阅读后的记忆内容,模拟的数据与行为学实验结果也非常一致     

事件持续时间对情景模型更新的影响

采用移动窗口技术,探讨文本阅读中事件持续时间对情景模型更新的影响。实验1探讨不同的事件持续时间对情景模型更新进程的影响。结果发现,情景模型的更新受到事件持续时间的影响;实验2探讨在不同的事件持续时间条件下,情景模型的更新符合动态观还是静态观,结果支持了情景模型更新的动态观。该研究表明,事件持续时间与时间转换大小之间的关系对情景模型的更新起着重要的作用。同时,情景模型的更新符合动态观。