Evaluación estática versus evaluación dinámica. Una comparación experimental

Resumen

El objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en plantear de manera experimental qué tipo de evaluación predice mejor el aprendizaje: una evaluación estática tradicional o una evaluación más dinámica basada en el concepto vygotskyano de “zona de desarrollo próximo”. Para ello, y partiendo de un contenido escolar procedimental, la resolución de problemas de matemáticas, hemos diseñado una serie de medidas dinámicas a las que hemos denominado “aprendizaje” y “transferencia” y las hemos comparado con las medidas más habituales de tipo estático. A través de un diseño correlacional hemos comprobado que la evaluación dinámica predice mejor el aprendizaje que la evaluación estática.     

Similitudes et différences de perceptions chez des salariés hommes et femmes

This study investigates men and women perceptions in the work, accros the relations between work conditions and job satisfaction. Similarity and difference are questionned about the mean dimensions of the work conditions (factor analysis) as well as the prédictive value of theses dimensions for the job satisfaction (regression analysis). In the same point of view, similarity and difference are analysed about health, importance of life domains and work-family interferences. Men and women seem to organize in the same way work conditions. Three factors are retained (Relations with superiors, Development and autonomy, Work intensity), wich the first two predict job satisfaction, for the men and the women. Nevertheless we note some differences, both about the force of the prediction and about specific item. Results and and futur works are discussed.     

Sens du travail et rapports vie de travail - vie hors travail chez trois catégories de télétravailleurs et chez les travailleurs classiques

Telework, namely so remote work, is composed of three basic forms: home based-telework, alternated telework and mobile telework. These three basic forms of telework and the traditional form of work are compared to identify their respective impact on work centrality, work social representation, and on relations between work life and out of work life. The mobile teleworkers present a high work centrality and the alternated teleworkers, a high family centrality. Concerning the representation, only mobile teleworkers and home based teleworkers cannot think the work without the basic knowledge of constraint. For the exchanges between work of life and out of work life, traditional workers separate their domains of life even though alternated teleworkers and home based-teleworkers combinate it. Mobile teleworkers develop exchanges between some domains of life.This study proves that it is not necessary to reason globally but to consider the specificity of each telework forms introduced or to implant in a organization.     

Factorial validation and measurement invariance of the French version of the multidimensional competitive orientation inventory (FVMCOI) in the sport field

IntroductionLittle is known about the importance of the adaptive, maladaptive and neutral facets of competitive orientations among French athletes.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to test the factorial validation and measurement invariance of the French version of the multidimensional competitive orientation inventory (FVMCOI) from the original version (MCOI, Orosz et al., 2018), which included 12 items and four factors (i.e., hypercompetitive orientation, self-developmental competitive orientation, anxiety-driven competition avoidance, and lack of interest toward competition).MethodA series of three complementary studies was carried out with a total sample of 891 competitors.ResultsFollowing cross-cultural validation methods a preliminary version of the FVMCOI was constructed and the clarity of its items was established (study 1). Then, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) confirmed that the four-factor model for the FVMCOI was factorially valid, and consistent with the model of the original version. As such, the multiple-group invariance tests showed that the FVMCOI was partially invariant across both age and gender and fully invariant across type of sport, level of competition and over time (study 2). Finally, the concurrent validity of the FVMCOI was demonstrated through its expected relationships with achievement goals, competitive aggressiveness and anger in sport (study 3).ConclusionThe establishment of the FVMCOI extends the research in sport psychology by allowing an extensive psychometric study of the MCOI in the sport domain and providing deeper insights into the healthy, unhealthy, and neutral nature of competitive orientation in this context. The FVMCOI's potential practical applications in sport context, with some limitations and perspectives of this study, are also discussed.     

Depression screening and treatment among uninsured populations in Primary Care

Uninsured populations have poor treatment engagement and are less likely to receive evidence-based interventions for depression. The objective of the current study was to retrospectively examine depression screening, diagnosis, and treatment patterns among uninsured patients in primary care. Study sample included all patients (N = 11,803) seen in nine community-based clinics. Key variables included depression screener and/or a depression diagnosis, anti-depressant initiation, behavioral health visits, and patient follow up measures. Treatment patterns from the subsample of patients diagnosed with depression were analyzed by collecting the number of behavioral health visits and antidepressant use six months (180 days) following the diagnosis. Utilization of the depression screening tool was high (67%, n = 7,935) and 24% (n = 2,789) of the patients had a diagnosis of depression, however, more than half of the patients with a depression diagnosis did not have a recorded treatment plan (n = 1,474). The odds of anti-depressant use and behavioral visits for Hispanic patients were significantly greater than for Non-Hispanic patients. Universal screening with brief measures in primary care is improving, however, guideline-concordant depression treatment remains elusive for uninsured populations.     

Optic aphasia, optic apraxia, and loss of dreaming

A 47-year-old man with a left temporo-occipital infarct in the area of the posterior cerebral artery is presented. The neuropsychological examination did not reveal aphasia or gross mental deficits. The patient presented with alexia without agraphia, color agnosia, but few visual perceptual deficits. The main impairment was in confrontation naming; he was incapable of naming objects and pictures, not from lack of recognition (excluding visual agnosia) but from lack of access to the appropriate word (optic aphasia). The patient also exhibited a deficit in the evocation of gesture from the visual presentation of an object (optic apraxia) and a difficulty in "conjuring up" visual images of objects (impaired visual imagery) and loss of dreams. The fundamental deficit of this patient is tentatively explained in terms of visuoverbal and visuogestural disconnection and a deficit of mental imagery.     

Choice both affects and reflects preferences

The free-choice paradigm is a widely used paradigm in psychology. It has been used to show that after a choice between two similarly pleasant stimuli, the pleasantness of the chosen one tends to increase, whereas the pleasantness of the rejected one tends to decrease—a spreading of alternatives. However, the methodological validity of the free-choice paradigm to study choice-induced preference change has recently been seriously questioned [Chen, K. M., & Risen, J. L. (2010). How choice affects and reflects preferences: Revisiting the free-choice paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 573–594. doi:10.1037/a0020217]. According to this criticism, the classically reported spreading of alternatives between the first and second rating sessions cannot be unambiguously interpreted to reflect a true change in preferences and can be observed even for completely static preferences. Here, we used two measurement sequences, a classical Rating 1–choice–Rating 2 sequence and a control Rating 1–Rating 2–choice sequence, to disentangle the spreading of alternatives driven by the effect of choice from the artefactual effect highlighted by Chen and Risen. In two studies using different stimulus material (faces and odours), we find that choice has a robust modulatory impact on preferences for rejected odours, but not for chosen odours and not for faces.     

Psicología Diferencial, ¿Ciencia o Tecnología?

RESUMEN

En este trabajo Antonio Caparrós analiza, desde el punto de vista de la historia y epistemología de la psicología, el enfoque de Royce, Forteza y Prieto acerca del “status” científico de la Psicología Diferencial. El autor sintetiza en nueve puntos sus reflexiones, manifiestando que el proyecto completo de la Psicología Diferencial debe situarse más en el marco de las necesidades tecnológicas, cuyos fines específicos no son como los de los paradigmas explicativos de la ciencia en sentido estricto. Los dos últimos puntos se reservan al análisis de las interacciones entre ciencia y tecnología a lo largo de la historia, que contribuye a aclarar las relaciones entre algunos de los modelos de la psicología general y/o experimental y otros diferenciales.     

Procesamiento de información y conformidad

RESUMEN

Mientras ciertos estudios llevados a cabo por psicólogos sociales han comprobado que la conformidad experimental es en gran medida un producto del tipo de estímulos utilizados y de la familiaridad de los sujetos con la tarea, los psicólogos cognitivos han descubierto que las categorías poseen una estructura interna, cuya organización depende del grado con que cada elemento representa la imagen que tenemos de esa categoría (tipicalidad).

Estos datos dieron lugar a la hipótesis de que la conformidad es función del nivel de tipicalidad de los estímulos, obteniéndose la máxima puntuación en los menos típicos y la mínima en los prototípicos.

Se llevaron a cabo cuatro investigaciones, las tres primeras destinadas a constituir los miembros categoriales y su ordenación, según la tipicalidad. La cuarta manipuló el contenido de las categorías semánticas (ave, flor y mueble), el valor de la tipicalidad de los items (tres distancias internas), y la información que los sujetos experimentales tenían del grupo de presión ficticio (control, sin información, experiencia previa, identidad nacional y semejanza actitucional).

Los resultados apoyaron la relación entre conformidad y tipicalidad, independientemente de la acción de las otras variables manipuladas.