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51.
Pigeons were trained to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg pentobarbital from saline under a concurrent fixed-interval (FI) FI schedule of food presentation on which, after pentobarbital administration, responses on one key were reinforced with food under an FI 60-s component and responses on the other key were reinforced under an FI 240-s component. After saline administration, the schedule contingencies on the two keys were reversed. After both pentobarbital and saline, pigeons responded more frequently on the key on which responses had been programmed to produce the reinforcer under the FI 60 component of the concurrent schedule. The schedule was changed to concurrent FI 150 FI 150 s for drug-substitution tests. In each bird, increasing doses of pentobarbital, ethanol, and chlordiazepoxide produced increases in the proportion of responses on the key on which responses had been reinforced under the FI 60 component after pentobarbital administration during training sessions. The proportion of responses on that key was slightly lower for ethanol than for chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital. At a dose of pentobarbital higher than the training dose, responding decreased on the key that had been reinforced under the FI 60 component during training sessions. Phencyclidine produced less responding on the key programmed under the FI 60-s component than did pentobarbital. Methamphetamine produced responding primarily on the key on which responses had been reinforced under the FI 60-s component after saline administration. 相似文献
52.
Here the case of recreational drug consumption by youths in the West of Scotland is applied to evaluate some prevailing models of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (CS/D). The findings suggest dissatisfactory and satisfactory outcomes do not always result in the types of future consumption behaviours proposed by some models of consumer CS/D. Although, as some models of CS/D suggest, satisfactory experiences tended to reinforce the desire to repeat consumption, when consumption was dissatisfactory, users tended to employ several strategies to justify further use. Whereas users attributed positive or pleasurable experiences to the narcotic effect of the substances consumed, dissatisfactory outcomes were attributed to other factors. Users develop sophisticated responses to dissatisfaction, such as deferment and denial. The findings have important implications for some theories and models of CS/D for consumer expectation: in particular, the effect of dissatisfactory experiences on future consumption intentions. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献
53.
M N Branch 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1984,42(3):511-522
Behavioral pharmacology has become increasingly independent of the experimental analysis of behavior. At its beginning, behavioral pharmacology was closely related to the experimental analysis of behavior, with developments in each field aiding the other. Early attempts to systematize data in behavioral pharmacology culminated with the development of the rate-dependency concept, but as this principle was found to have more limited generality than originally was hoped, a theoretical void developed. This circumstance was followed by increased reliance on pharmacological theory as a basis for experimentation and interpretation, with an attendant decrease in emphasis on environmental variables and behavioral interpretations. Lack of interplay between behavioral pharmacology and the experimental analysis of behavior is detrimental to both disciplines because each could contribute significantly to the other. The current trend might be reversed if more research were directed at elucidating behavioral mechanisms of drug action. 相似文献
54.
由于甲亢的一些症状和体征类似于正常妊娠中发生的正常生理变化,且孕期甲亢及其治疗对妊娠结果和胎儿可能的不良影响,所以给孕期甲亢的诊疗带来困难。孕期甲亢患者应尽快接受抗甲状腺药物（antithyroid drugs,ATD）的治疗并应经常接受胎儿和孕妇甲亢及甲减征象的监测。孕妇和围产期的并发症发生率直接与母亲甲亢的控制有关... 相似文献
55.
关注老年癌症止痛 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
虽然肿瘤的发病率在老年人并不低,但社会对老年人的关注度并不高。几乎所有肿瘤药物临床试验都把老年人排除在外,因此,不少药品说明书特别注明“缺乏老年人资料”。老年癌痛治疗领域也存在同样的问题。老年癌痛的病理生理及心理特点很独特,加之对老年癌病重视不够及缺乏正确评价,所以老年癌痛的研究相当复杂,因而癌痛的处理犹如癌症一样也需要综合治疗。癌痛治疗药物可分成两大类：非阿片类及阿片类药物。非阿片类药物中首选对乙酰氨基酚治疗轻度癌痛,非甾体类抗炎药,特别是选择性COX2抑制剂可在对乙酰氨基酚无效时应用。阿片类药物则广泛应用于中度到重度的癌痛治疗。辅助治疗药物包括三环抗抑郁药、抗惊厥药、苯二氮蕈类药物等。可用于癌痛三阶梯治疗的任一阶段,能够治疗特殊类型疼痛,改善癌痛以外的症状,增加主要药物镇痛效果,减轻副作用,但不推荐常规使用。总而言之,对于老年癌症患者更要强调以镇痛为主的姑息治疗,特别在重症老年患者,可能成为最重要的治疗,有时甚至是唯一有效妁治疗。 相似文献
56.
从"反应停"到透皮治疗系统--新药研发思路的转变 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
通过对“反应停”与透皮治疗系统研发过程的回顾与研发思路的比较,探讨新药研发思路的转变对于药物安全的重要性。 相似文献
57.
Sandy Gibson Mark Woodford Thomas J. Czeizinger Jr. 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2018,39(2):66-77
A review of DUI education literature reveals weak evidence of effective interventions. New models are suggested that offer a combination of psychoeducation and evidence‐based counseling approaches. Existing DUI programming models are explored with recommendations for areas for future research. 相似文献
58.
为了解我院抗菌药致不良反应（ADR）发生的特点与一般规律,对我院2010年1月-2011年1月的88例抗菌药不良反应报告进行汇总分析。结果显示引起ADR的抗菌药涉及9大类35个品种。喹诺酮类引起的ADR居首位,其次为头孢菌素类、青霉素类等;ADR的临床表现主要为皮肤及其附件损害（60．95％）,其次为心血管系统、消化系... 相似文献
59.
毒品滥用患者给医疗管理和临床工作带来诸多复杂性和特殊性。对吸毒患者围术期麻醉诊疗要兼顾所惠外科疾惠与毒品对吸食者的身心影响,有效地控制戒断症状和毒性反应,综合评估,辨证施为。 相似文献
60.
结肠镜检查是一项广泛用于临床的直观有效的诊断结肠疾病的方法。对于整体机能减退的老年人来说,我们可从结肠镜前准备工作中的三个方面:肠道准备用药的比较选择、基础合并症的处理以及医患交流和心理护理提高老年患者对结肠镜的耐受性。 相似文献