The Relationship between Religiosity and Drug Use among “At Risk” Women

This study focuses on the interplay between religiosity and drug use in a sample of 250 adult women from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area who were interviewed between August 1997 and August 2000. The research addresses two principal questions: (1) Is there a relationship between the level of religiosity and the amount of illegal drug use reported? (2) If so, is this relationship maintained in multivariate analysis when the effects of other potentially relevant factors like demographic characteristics, childhood maltreatment experiences, psychosocial traits, and substance user-related measures are taken into account? We found that religiosity is related to the amount of drugs women used. Four variables were retained in the final multivariate drug use prediction model: religiosity, coping with everyday stresses, number of family members who are substance abusers, and amount of oral sex. Greater amounts of drugs were used by women who were less religious, less capable of coping with stress, had more drug-abusing family members, and reported having more oral sex. Together, these items explained nearly one-fifth of the variance in the dependent variable. The implications for substance abuse prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.     

从生态自然观看细菌的耐药

伴随抗菌药物强大的抗感染疗效的同时,细菌等病原体对抗菌药物的耐药性问题日渐显露出来。运用生态自然观辨证地对细菌进行剖析,旨在突破传统思维认识细菌耐药性产生本质,从而更加有效,更加科学地控制细菌耐药的发生。     

Empirical underidentification in estimating random utility models: The role of choice sets and standardizations

A standard approach to distinguishing people’s risk preferences is to estimate a random utility model using a power utility function to characterize the preferences and a logit function to capture choice consistency. We demonstrate that with often-used choice situations, this model suffers from empirical underidentification, meaning that parameters cannot be estimated precisely. With simulations of estimation accuracy and Kullback–Leibler divergence measures we examined factors that potentially mitigate this problem. First, using a choice set that guarantees a switch in the utility order between two risky gambles in the range of plausible values leads to higher estimation accuracy than randomly created choice sets or the purpose-built choice sets common in the literature. Second, parameter estimates are regularly correlated, which contributes to empirical underidentification. Examining standardizations of the utility scale, we show that they mitigate this correlation and additionally improve the estimation accuracy for choice consistency. Yet, they can have detrimental effects on the estimation accuracy of risk preference. Finally, we also show how repeated versus distinct choice sets and an increase in observations affect estimation accuracy. Together, these results should help researchers make informed design choices to estimate parameters in the random utility model more precisely.     

癫痫诊治中医患同盟建立的实践与策略

癫痫治疗目前仍以长期科学规范的药物治疗为主,为保证医生的治疗计划得到贯彻,在诊治中努力寻求医患同盟的建立尤为重要,让患者清楚地认识到医生对他的关注,认识到医生治疗的计划性、和具有应对各种情况的措施方法和能力,是寻求患方合作的基本条件。本文就医生首诊中的任务、人文关怀的重要性、如何共同进行药物选择、副反应规避、家属不良治疗心态纠正等问题进行探讨。     

论从药品到毒品的“角色”转换

毒品与药品有着密不可分的联系,毒品来源于药品但又不同于药品。具有依赖性的药品一旦流入非管制渠道,用于非医疗目的,在社会上泛滥便成为毒品。因此,对有依赖性的药品需要严格管理并合理地使用。     

关注降压药物的选择，促使更有效的降压达标

我国成人高血压患病率高达18.8%,全国有高血压患者约1.6亿。合理的药物治疗是降压达标的主要措施,如何进行正确选择成为摆在我们面前的难题。目前,降压药物主要包括利尿剂、β受体阻断剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、钙拮抗剂和α受体阻断剂6类。因降压治疗的收益主要来自于降压本身,为了提高降压达标率及高血压患者的用药依从性,目前多主张低剂量联合治疗。     

行为决策理论之父：纪念Edwards教授2周年忌辰

著名心理学家W ard Edwards对行为决策的学科形成与理论发展作出了巨大贡献。文章简要介绍了Edwards的生平,以主观期望效用模型和贝叶斯决策为核心回顾了Edwards的决策理论、主要成就及其对行为决策研究的学术贡献。文章并从行为决策领域的研究、科普、应用及人才培养等方面总结了中国行为决策研究的发展历程,以及Edwards的学术思想对中国行为决策研究的主要影响。文章展望了行为决策研究的前景,并呼吁更多的中国心理学工作者投身于行为决策研究。     

Distortion of probability and outcome information in risky decisions

Substantial evidence indicates that information is distorted during decision making, but very few studies have assessed the distortion of probability and outcome information in risky decisions. In two studies involving six binary decisions (e.g., banning blood donations from people who have visited England, because of “mad cow disease”), student and nonstudent participants distorted their evaluations of probability and outcome information in the direction of their preferred decision alternative and used these biased evaluations to update their preferences. Participants also evaluated the utilities of possible outcomes more positively when the outcomes could follow only from the preferred alternative and more negatively when they could follow only from the competing alternative. Such circular reasoning is antithetical to the normative consequentialist principles underlying decision analysis. Presenting numerical information as precise values or as ranges of values did not significantly affect information distortion, apparently because the manipulation did not affect perceived ambiguity as intended.     

Better safe than sorry: Precautionary reasoning and implied dominance in risky decisions

In four studies, student and nonstudent participants evaluated the possible outcomes of binary decisions involving health, safety, and environmental risks (e.g., whether to issue a dam‐failure evacuation order). Many participants indicated that false positives (e.g., evacuation, but no dam failure) were better than true negatives (e.g., no evacuation and no dam failure), thereby implying that the more protective action dominated the less protective action. A common rationale for this response pattern was the precautionary maxim “better safe than sorry.” Participants apparently evaluated outcomes partly on the basis of the decisions that might lead to them, in conflict with consequentialist decision models. Consistent with this explanation, the prevalence of implied dominance decreased substantially when the emphasis on decisions was reduced. These results demonstrate that an initial preference for a decision alternative can alter the evaluation of possible consequences of both the preferred alternative and a competing alternative, suggesting positive feedback loops that reinforce the initial preference. The rationality of considering the decision itself as an attribute of possible outcomes is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

特殊人群结核病的流行病学调查

为了了解某监狱犯人中结核病的患病及结核菌耐药情况,为防治提供依据,采用痰检和结核菌素试验的方式对研究对象进行普查,结核分枝杆菌采用罗氏培养,药敏试验采用比例法。结果显示,PPD试验总阳性率为60．54％。痰检发现24例患者,涂阳患病率为898．54／10万。培养菌株总耐药率为95．83％,其中初治耐药率、复治耐药率和多重耐药率分别为87．5％,100％和73．91％。提示该特殊人群结核病患病率高于一般人群。