An approach to and computational results on testing the form of a decision maker's utility function

In this paper we consider the problem of identifying the form of a decision maker's (DM) utility function. We consider a set of alternatives each defined by a number of criteria and we assume that the DM's preferences are consistent with some underlying utility function. We present some theory and develop approaches to test whether the DM's preferences are consistent with a linear, a quasi-concave, a quasi-convex or a general monotonic function. We present our computational experience showing that in almost all cases the approaches correctly identify the form of the underlying utility function and require very little preference information of the DM.     

原发性乳腺癌新辅助化疗与过度医疗、无效治疗

新辅助化疗已经使众多原发性乳腺癌患者受益.依据不同的判断标准,它又可以被视为无效治疗或过度医疗.新辅助化疗应用于临床,引起了哲学意义上的争议.医者原因是重要原因之一.要重视矛盾问题"底线"的研究,提供相对宽松的技术、学术、文化氛围;医者持续的、有计划的学习与培训是增强其主体性的保证和前提.     

从循证医学看目前冠心病的药物治疗

为使冠心病患者尽可能达到最优化的药物治疗,结合最近几年出现的大型临床研究,分析了不同冠心病患者应采取的合理药物治疗措施及可能带来的益处,并针对我国现状,提出了相应的解决方案。     

Drug‐assisted rape and sexual assault: definitional,conceptual and methodological developments

This paper reviews the limited literature on drug‐assisted rape (DAR) and develops definitions and constructs. A novel data gathering method, the multiple sorting task, was adopted to explore lay understanding of DAR. Participants (N = 8) were drawn from the general public. Each of the 21 stimulus cards used had the name of one sexual or romantic encounter printed on it. Participants completed one fixed sort in terms of the motivation of the male involved in the encounter. Data were analysed by means of multiple scalogram analysis (MSA). Findings show that the key factors for distinguishing sexual and romantic encounters are whether the behaviour is: consensual, contracted or forced; planned or impulsive; motivated primarily by the desire for sex or for a relationship. When motivation of the offender is considered, drug‐assisted rape and sexual assault is distinguishable from other consensual sexual behaviours but not from other types of rape. Findings are discussed in terms of the limitations of the present study, the need for further research and practical applications for assisting police enquiries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

193例戒毒者人格类型及其与自尊、社会支持和应对策略的关系

以193名戒毒者为被试,运用问卷法和对数线性模型调查和分析了戒毒者个人背景及其与戒毒行为的关系,通过聚类分析概括出戒毒者的三种人格类型,并探讨了不同人格类型戒毒者在自尊、社会支持、应对策略上的特点及其关系。结果表明：(1)中低教育程度与中低经济收入显著正相关;男性所估计的戒毒时间远远少于女性;吸毒时间越长,复吸的可能性越大。(2)外向冲动型戒毒者的自尊水平最高,其次是内向顺从者,身心障碍者的自尊水平显著低于外向冲动者。(3)身心障碍者对支持的主观体验和利用程度越高,所采取的面对策略越多;所获得的支持越多,越少采取屈服策略。而内向顺从者和外向冲动者对所获支持的满意程度越高,越少采取面对策略;对支持的利用程度越高,所采取的屈服策略越多。     

Causes of Allais common consequence paradoxes: An experimental dissection

The common consequence paradox of Allais can be decomposed into three simpler principles: transitivity, coalescing, and restricted branch independence. Different theories attribute such paradoxes to violations of restricted branch independence only, to coalescing only, or to both. This study separates tests of these two properties in order to compare these theories. Although rank-dependent utility (RDU) theories, including cumulative prospect theory (CPT), violate branch independence, the empirical pattern of violations is opposite that required by RDU theories to account for Allais paradoxes. Data also show systematic violations of coalescing, which refute RDU theories. The findings contradict both original and CPTs with or without their editing principles of combination and cancellation. Modal choices were well predicted by Birnbaum's RAM and TAX models with parameters estimated from previous data. The effects of event framing on these tests were also assessed and found to be negligible.     

242例戒毒女性人际关系和自尊水平的调查与分析

以甘肃省两大戒毒所242例戒毒女性为调查对象,运用自尊量表(The Self-esteemScale-SES,Rasenberg,1965)和背景资料调查问卷,探究影响戒毒女性自尊、人际关系的因素。结果发现：(1)吸毒持续时间对戒毒女性的人际关系具有显著性影响;而戒毒次数及吸毒持续时间与戒毒次数的交互作用对她们人际关系的影响并不显著。(2)戒毒女性的自尊评分与正常人群的自尊评分存在着显著性差异;(3)吸毒持续时间对戒毒女性自尊评分存在显著性影响;戒毒次数及吸毒持续时间与戒毒次数的交互作用对戒毒女性自尊评分的影响并不显著。     

药物成瘾过程的心理-神经理论模型

药物成瘾一般被界定为强迫性药物寻求和药物摄入的行为模式,是一个由偶尔用药逐渐过渡到强迫性用药模式的过程。成瘾过程伴随着一系列脑机能和心理机能的改变,但对药物滥用如何导致这些改变以及这些改变如何诱发成瘾却存在着不同的解释。本文在简要评述拮抗过程模型和异常学习模型的基础上,重点讨论了诱因一易感化模型的主要观点及其行为实验和神经心理学证据,并提出成瘾理论研究进一步整合的可能性。     

劳教戒毒者自我价值感特点的初步研究

探讨劳教戒毒者的自我价值感特点,对劳教戒毒者的改造和矫治工作具有一定的意义。本研究用黄希庭编制的自我价值感量表对160名劳教戒毒者进行测量。结果表明：劳教戒毒者在总体自我价值感、一般自我价值感及特殊自我价值感的大多数分量表上均显著低于正常成年人,而他们在自我价值感的多数分量表上均未见有性别、职业和婚姻状况上的差异。     

阿马蒂亚·森的分配正义观

阿马蒂亚·森的分配正义见解 ,以主体为中心 ,一方面强调分配上的能力本位 ,主张源头的产出保证 ;另一方面 ,注意分配是外部条件 ,提倡分配过程中的权利平等。这是对罗尔斯正义论的具体化 ,是从经济伦理学的视野对分配正义的新认识。但是对能力及其与效用关系的解释上 ,需要进一步完善。