基于基尼指数的双目标CD-CAT选题策略

双目标CD-CAT的测验结果既可用于形成性评估也可用于终结性评估。基尼指数可度量随机变量的不确定性程度,值越小则随机变量的不确定程度越低。本文用基尼指数度量被试知识状态类别以及能力估计置信区间后验概率的变化,提出基于基尼指数的选题策略。MonteCarlo实验表明与已有的选题策略相比,新策略的知识状态分类精度和能力估计精度都较高,同时能有效兼顾题库利用均匀性,并能快速实时响应,且受认知诊断模型和被试知识状态分布的影响较小,可用于实际测验中含多种认知诊断模型的混合题库。     

An observational measure of children's behavioural style: Evidence supporting a multi‐method approach to studying temperament

This study demonstrates the potential utility of the Behavioural Style Observational System (BSOS) as a new observational measure of children's behavioural style. The BSOS is an objective, short and easy to use measure that can be readily adapted to a variety of home and laboratory situations. In the present study, 160 mother–child dyads from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project (CLRP) were observed during an 11‐min behavioural sample. Videotaped interactions were coded using the BSOS for children's mood, activity level, vocal reactivity, approach to toys, mood consistency and adaptability. Comparisons between the BSOS observational ratings and mothers' ratings of the child on the EAS Temperament Survey (EAS) provided support for modest congruence between these two measurement systems, and revealed a differential predictive pattern of children's functioning. Specifically, the observation‐based BSOS predicted children's cognitive performance and adaptive behaviour during testing, whereas the mother‐rated EAS predicted maternal ratings of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Both measures were found to independently predict mothers' ratings of parenting stress. Overall, the findings imply that neither observational measures nor maternal ratings alone are sufficient to understand children's behavioural style, and that comprehensive evaluations of children's temperament should optimally include both types of measures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response Selection Contributes to the Preparation Cost for Bimanual Asymmetric Movements

Movement preparation of bimanual asymmetric movements takes more time than bimanual symmetric movements in choice reaction-time conditions. This bimanual asymmetric cost may be caused by increased processing demands on any stage of movement preparation. The authors tested the contributions of each stage of movement preparation to the asymmetric cost by using the additive factors method. This involved altering the stimulus contrast, response compatibility, and response complexity. These manipulations changed the processing demands on stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming, respectively. Any manipulation with a larger reaction time cost than control suggests that stage contributes to the bimanual asymmetric cost. The bimanual asymmetric cost was larger for incompatible stimuli, which supports that response selection contributes to the bimanual asymmetric cost.     

加强住院医师临床思维能力培养的探讨

良好的临床思维能力,是住院医师能否成为合格和高水平医生的关键。对住院医师临床思维能力的培养必须明确临床思维的哲学本质和组成的关键要素,并结合住院医师的特点去培养。要注重基本知识、基本理论和基本技能训练,把握正确的恩维程序,运用哲学思想,并以学科综合为中心。     

基于认知设计系统的几何类比推理测验的编制及认知模型分析

认知诊断是一种新的测量范式。本研究首先根据Mulholland,Pellegrino＆Glaser和Whitely＆Schneider关于类比推理的研究结果,采用认知设计系统编制了几何类比推理测试题,并对所编制的测试题的质量进行验证,然后采用口语报告法分析解决几何类比推理所涉及的认知模型,结果表明：1）编制的几何类比推理测试题的质量比较好;2）学生解决类比推理所涉及的认知属性主要为置换、翻转、旋转、数量、大小、颜色与条纹和形状。     

拓广分部评分模型下计算机自适应测验变加权选题策略

摘要: 在计算机自适应测验中, 对0-1评分模型按a-分层选题是高效安全的策略,但多级评分模型的项目难度/步骤参数有多个而无法直接应用这种选题策略。信息函数能够很好地综合项目所有参数及能力参数,但最大信息量选题策略会影响考试安全。本文提出一种变加权选题策略,它通过调用一个与信息量相关联的函数,该函数与信息量成正比,与区分度的某个幂函数成反比,从而达到既能综合项目所有参数又按a分层的效果。在GPCM模型下用蒙特卡罗实验进行比较研究,结果显示新的选题策略总体效果比已有相关结果好。     

Accounting for fluctuations in body dissatisfaction

The present study evaluated whether the strength of relationship between contextual cues (presence of company and mood) and state body dissatisfaction varied as a function of individual differences in key trait measures (body shame, body surveillance tendencies, internalization of appearance standards, and trait affect) which have been linked to trait body dissatisfaction. Fifty-five undergraduate women completed a questionnaire containing the trait-based measures and then carried a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) for a 7-day period. The PDA prompted participants six times daily to self-report their current mood and state body dissatisfaction. Multi-level modeling revealed that individual differences in body shame predicted inter-individual variability in the strength of the relationships between presence of company and state body dissatisfaction, and positive mood and state body dissatisfaction. Trait positive affect also explained variance in the positive mood state-body dissatisfaction relationship. The implications of the findings for prevention of body image disturbances are discussed.     

Hiding in plain sight: Older U.S. purpose exemplars

ABSTRACT

Despite significant research on purpose in adolescence and early adulthood, little is known about purpose in older adults. This paper defines purpose as ongoing commitment to and sustained action toward goals that are meaningful to the self and aim to contribute beyond the self. This study of purpose in later life draws on interviews of 102 respondents drawn from a U.S. nationally representative sample of 1198 men and women aged 50–92. Eighteen interviewees are identified as exemplars of purpose beyond the self and are matched with a comparison group of non-purposeful peers. Interview coding revealed that, in contrast to the non-purposeful comparison group, the purpose exemplars describe their lives as including several interconnected sources of well-being: purpose beyond the self, positive relationships, positive life engagement, a sense of competence, and freedom balanced with the desire to contribute. Implications for practitioners and the public are discussed.     

The selective directed forgetting effect: Can people forget only part of a text?

Participants studied sentences describing two different characters and then were told to forget the sentences about only one of the characters. A second list contained sentences attributed to a third character. Subsequently, they received a recall test on the sentences about the original two characters. When the sentences could be thematically integrated, participants showed no directed forgetting relative to a control group that was never told to forget. However, with unrelated sentences, participants selectively forgot the target character's sentences without forgetting the other character's sentences. This selective directed forgetting effect is a novel empirical result. We interpret the results as consistent with Radvansky's (1999) ideas about inhibition with textual materials.     

初一学生英语单词记忆策略的训练研究

在初一学生英语单词学习中引入关键词和概念归类策略训练,探讨了记忆策略的训练效果和自我效能对英语单词记忆的影响。结果发现：两种策略训练都能显著提高初一学生英语单词扇一效果相近;关键词策略训练可显著提高低自我效能被试的自我效能感;记忆自我效能对英语单词记忆行为有显著影响,高自我效能被试在训练后英语单词记忆成绩更好。