双作业任务中人格特质对选择性加工的影响

运用双操作任务,该研究考察了人格的神经质和外倾性特质对选择性加工的影响。实验结果表明：(1)对各类词性的辨别速度,低神经质普遍快于高神经质,外倾者普遍快于内倾者．选择性加工偏向在RT指标上并不明显;(2)从词性辨别的正确率指标分析,高神经质被试对负性词存在明显的反应偏向;对于特质词与中性词的判断,内、外倾被试之间不存在显著差异;(3)在自由回忆任务中,各类被试均存在明显的回忆偏向及特质一致性倾向。     

美、加、澳大学心理咨询中心的鉴定标准及启示

该文介绍了国际心理咨询服务协会目前在美国、加拿大和澳大利亚所推行的大学心理咨询中心鉴定标准。该鉴定标准主要涉及心理咨询中心与大学社区的关系、心理咨询的作用和功能、心理咨询中心应遵循的伦理规范、心理咨询中心服务人员的资格与职责以及其它相关的指导原则。作者据此提出了对我国高校心理咨询工作的建议。     

Comparing examinees to a control

When comparing examinees to a control, the examiner usually does not know the probability of correctly classifying the examinees based on the number of items used and the number of examinees tested. Using ranking and selection techniques, a general framework is described for deriving a lower bound on this probability. We illustrate how these techniques can be applied to the binomial error model. New exact results are given for normal populations having unknown and unequal variances.The work upon which this publication is based was performed pursuant to a grant [Grant No. NIE-G-76-0083] with the National Institute of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Points of view or opinions stated do not necessarily represent official NIE position or policy.     

The User Interface in Computer-based Selection and Assessment: Applied and Theoretical Problematics of an Evolving Technology

Although its central role in human-computer interaction is recognized by industry, the user interface (UI) has received scant attention in the computer-based testing (CBT) literature. Industrial and European Community ergonomic directives have been established regarding UI design issues, however, which may significantly impact upon CBT. Accordingly, the UI’s CBT role is discussed regarding central CBT/UI constructs and dynamics. On the basis of one CBT UI design issue (here: paging) it is shown that many ergonomic regulatory definitional traps exist for the unwary CBT practitioner and UI designer. Newer UI developments in windowing technology and computer-based UI ergonomic regulation conformance analysis are described. Finally, open issues regarding CBT UI problematics are discussed, showing that, rather than continuing to lead a shadowed existence, the UI is deserving of considerably increased research effort regarding its CBT impact.     

Professional standards: Can they shape practice in an international context?

A summary of the career of a Russian engineer who practiced a century ago in western Europe, as well as in Russia, provides an example of how ethical standards can influence practice across national boundaries. An examination of his career and his conception of engineering, of the evolution of engineering standards and codes, and of the process of formulating codes in particular instances explains how international standards can shape practice in an international context. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997.     

THEOLOGICAL APPROPRIATION OF SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDINGS: RESPONSE TO HEFNER, WICKEN, EAVES, AND TIPLER

Abstract. Philip Hefner's focus on contingency and field as the guiding concepts in my thinking and his characterization of my theological enterprise as a Lakatosian research program are appropriate and helpful.
I welcome Jeffrey Wicken's holistic approach to the emergence of life. Theology can appropriate the language of self-organizing systems exploiting the thermodynamic flow of energy degradation for interpreting organic life as a creation of the Spirit of God.
However, I cannot sympathize with Lindon Eaves's equation of "hard science" with a reductionism which raises the double helix to the status of icon; the "meaning" of DNA derives from its place in the total phenomenon of life—not the reverse.
Frank Tipler's cosmology raises the prospect of a rapprochement between physics and theology in the area of eschatology. A Christian cosmology, however, would require at least three modifications: contingency in the history of creation; the uniqueness of Jesus' resurrection; and the relation of these to the problem of evil.     

Sprachspiel vs. vollständige Sprache

The article formulates a criticism of Wittgenstein's later philosophy which, in its substance, I would like to think, is fairly the same as the (hermeneutic) criticism issued by Apel and Habermas in the sixties. Contrary to these philosophers, however, I try to make the point by focusing on the distinction between language game and language, respectively between intralanguage relations of family resemblance (between language games) and interlanguage translation relations. The notion of a complete language is introduced — completeness of a language being, roughly, its possibility in principle of being translated into any (other) language — and the criticism of Wittgenstein is formulated as the allegation that he does not, or will not, acknowledge such a concept of completeness.So far the contents of the first part of the article. The rest of it assembles some hints, remarks and reminders which bear upon the question of the completeness of a language. These considerations include comments on the conditions of translatability, on the performative (agent's) knowledge or intention-in-action of the acting person, on Habermas' concept of communicative competence and on the notion of a responsible subject of action. It is alleged that to speak of translation and reporting an event as language games is misleading.     

高等师范院校公共课心理学整体改革建议

本文作者在实践的基础上,针对我国高等师范院校公共课心理学存在的问题,提出三点整体改革建议;1.在思想上明确认识该课程的双重任务;2.在教材建设方面,强调按照认知因素、非智力因素、社会心理因素和教师心理因素建构新的教材体系,教材内容突出应用性和可读性;3.教学过程教师要结合学生的专业特点。采用多种教学形式与方法传授教材内容。     

Impure Agency and the Just War

Feminist critiques of intention challenge some aspects of traditional just war reasoning, including the criteria of right intention and discrimination (particularly as interpreted using the doctrine of double effect). I take note of these challenges and propose some directions just war reasoners might take in response. First, right intention can be evaluated more accurately by judging what actors in war actually do than by attempting to uncover inward dispositions. Assessing whether agents in war have taken due care to minimize foreseeable collateral damage, avoided intentional targeting of noncombatants, corrected previous mistakes in their later actions, and taken responsibility to repair unintended damage they cause are examples of ways in which just war reasoners can evaluate intention by looking at actions.